从万历《大明会典》看明代养老之政

Old-Age Care Policy of the Ming Dynasty Reflected in the Wanli Daming Huidian

万历《大明会典》全书对养老问题多有涉及,特别是在其专设的“致仕”“养老”和“侍养”等目中,更是从物质供给及生活侍养等方面详细记载了明代养老的具体规定。在养老政策的制定及修订方面体现出来的主要特点有:强调尊高年与养国老,范围由平民扩大到致仕官,恤孤老与问高年逐渐分离,从注重官养到多途径养老,等。虽然有其局限性,但也在一定程度上对稳定明代社会政局和传承中华民族养老、敬老的美好品德产生了积极作用。

The Wanli Daming Huidian involves much about old-age care. Especially in its special "retirement" "providing for the aged" and "serving relatives", there are detailed records about the specific regulations of providing for the aged in Ming Dynasty from the aspects of material supply and life support. In terms of pension policy, it mainly includes emphasizing respect for senior citizens and nurturing the country′ s elders, expanding the scope from civilians to retired officials, separating of solitary elders from greeting retired officials and from emphasizing official support to providing for the aged through multiple channels, etc. Although it has some limitations, in a way, it plays an active role to stabilize the social political situation in Ming Dynasty and inherit the Chinese nation’s good virtue of caring for the aged and respecting the elderly.