北洋政府“联美制日”外交及其困境(1920—1924)

Beiyang Government’s Diplomacy of “Aligning with the United States against Japan” and Its Predicament,1920-1924

华盛顿会议召开前后,国际形势发生重大变化,形成美、英在太平洋地区共同对付日本的局面。这对中国抵制已成国家命运重大威胁的日本侵略,是有利的国际条件。以此为依托,直系控制的北京政府一改此前皖段政府所为,宣布实施与美国及协约各国一致行动的外交政策,得到美方积极回应。“联美制日”外交取得重要成果:通过联络美国及与之结盟的英国,中国成功参与“凡尔赛-华盛顿体系”这一国际安全机制,开始受到《国联盟约》及《九国公约》为核心的国际公约保障,外交上不再孤立,并因此赢得一段应对日本大规模侵略的准备时间。北京政变后,直系失去对中央政权的控制,“联美制日”外交受挫,这为日本扩大侵华目标提供了方便。直到济南事变发生,中国才重新回到联络美国抵制日本侵略的外交轨道。

International relations changed significantly before the Washington Conference,when America and England allied against Japan in the region of Pacific Ocean.Based on such international situation benefiting China s resistance to Japan s aggression,Peking Government controlled by Zhili Faction,dropping what Duan Qirui s government had done before,started to implement foreign policies in accordance with actions of the United States and its allies,which received positive feedback from the US government.The Zhili s diplomacy gained an important achievement.By aligning with both the United States and its ally England,China successfully joined Versailles-Washington system for international security,and broke its isolated situation in foreign affairs so as to win a period for preparing to deal with Japan s large-scale aggression.After Peking Coup,Zhili Faction lost its authority on central regime,and its diplomacy was rejected,which provided convenience for Japan to escalate its aggression plan to China.Chinese government was not able to return to the diplomatic track of aligning with the U.S.to contain Japan s aggression until the breakout of Jinan Incident.