朱熹理学对庄子思想的援引与改造

The Quote and Transformation of Chuang Tzu’s Thought by Chu Hsi’s Neo-Confucianism

虽然朱熹较少论及自己对庄子学说的理解或参证,但实际上后者却在很大程度上影响了朱熹的思想,并推动其不断深化。朱熹理学在很多地方表现出与庄学的相似性。首先,庄子将道理解为宇宙的本体,其遍在于万物之中,朱熹也认为“道体随处发见”。其次,庄子提出“万物一体”的观念,强调万物皆由气这种基本质料构成,它们共存于一个生命的整体之中。朱熹继承了这种均气同体的思想,也以“气化流行”讨论“万物一体”。最后,庄子主张涵养精神之虚静,而包括朱熹在内的宋儒对虚静的认识与实践都可以追溯到庄子那里。可以看到,朱熹虽恪守儒者的立场并力辟佛老,却暗自吸纳了很多庄学的思想资源,二者有着深厚的亲缘性,而主要的区别则在于对道德实践的态度。

Although Chu Hsi seldom discussed his own understanding of Chuang Tzu's theory,in fact,the latter influenced Chu Hsi's thought to a great extent and pushed it further.Chu Hsi's Neo-Confucianism was similar to Chuang Tzu's thought in many aspects.Firstly,Chuang Tzu believed Tao as the essence of the universe,is distributed among all things,while Chu Hsi also believed that Tao as reality can be found in everywhere.Secondly,Chuang Tzu put forward the concept of“the unity of all things”,and he emphasized that everything is composed of the basic material of Qi,and that they coexist in the whole of a life.Chu Hsi inherited the idea of Qi,and also discussed“the unity of all things”with the transformation of Qi.Finally,Chuang Tzu advocated the quietness of the spirit of conservation,while the understanding and practice of Confucians of the Song dynasty,including Chu Hsi,could be traced back to Chuang Tzu.Thus,It is clear that although Chu Hsi adhered to the Confucian position and rejected Buddhism and Taoism,he inwardly absorbed many thought resources of Chuang Tzu,so they had deep affinity,with a main difference between them in the attitude towards moral practice.