魏晋南北朝时期传统目录佛经著录和分类情况考辨

The Recording and Classifying of The Buddhist Sutras In Traditional Catalog During The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

佛教自汉代传入中国,而佛经在魏晋时期开始为传统目录所著录,探究这一时期传统目录中的佛经著录,有助于我们了解佛教在当时人的知识分类中所处的地位。汤用彤先生认为最早著录佛经的是《魏中经簿》,这是由《晋中经簿》已收佛经,而《晋中经簿》又因袭《魏中经簿》来逆推出的结论,并不可靠。此外汤先生用来证明《晋中经簿》已载佛经,所引用的《晋书斠注》中董逌《广川画跋》的材料,很可能有问题,因为《晋中经簿》到宋代可能已经亡佚。对于佛经在《晋中经簿》中所属的部类,姚名达先生以为当时佛经数量巨大,应在四部之外单列,而余嘉锡先生猜测佛经在《近世子家》。笔者认为二说都不可信,佛经在汉魏之际是以鬼神、方术、祭祀的形式传播的,佛经更有可能在《术数》类中。这一时期明确收入佛经的官修目录还有宋元嘉八年的《四部目录》,姚先生根据《古今书最》,认为其中的佛经也是单列。但《古今书最》提到《四部目录》中有佛经,可能只是提示说明,而非因其单列一部,佛经应该仍包含在四部当中。最后传统目录和佛经目录的分离,一直要到梁代天监十四年,梁武帝敕令释僧绍编撰《华林佛殿众经目录》才完成。

Buddhism was introduced into China during the Han Dynasty.The Buddhist sutras were not taken in the traditional catalog,until the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties.Exploring the Buddhist sutras in the traditional catalog during this period may help people to understand the position of Buddhism in the classification of knowledge of the people of the time.TANG Yongtong deemed that Wei Zhong Jing Bu is the first catalog which includes the Buddhist sutras.His evidence is that Jin Zhong Jing Bu,which is based on Wei Zhong Jing Bu,includes the Buddhist sutras.However,such conclusion is unreliable.Meanwhile,there is something wrong with TANG's evidence,which is quoted from Guang Chuan Hua Ba of DONG You,for Jin Zhong Jing Bu may have died in the Song Dynasty.Furthermore,as to the sort of sutras in Jin Zhong Jing Bu,YAO Mingda deemed that sutras,because of the huge number,are independent of the four branches,while YU Jiaxi guessed that they are in Jin Shi Zi Jia.The article holds that the Buddhist sutras should be in the sort of Shu Shu,because Buddhism was spread in the form of ghost,necromancy and sacrifice in this period.Si Bu Mu Lu of the 8 th year of Yuanjia,also includes the Buddhist sutras.According to Gu Jin Shu Zui,YAO Mingda thought that they are independent too.But Gu Jin Shu Zui mentions the sutras in Si Bu Mu Lu,may be just a hint,rather than because of the independent branch.Thus,The Buddhist scriptures should still be included in the four branches,and it was until 14 th year of Tianjian in Liang Dynasty that the Buddhist sutras were separated from the traditional catalog as Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty ordered Monk Shao to compile Hua Lin Fo Dian Zhong Sheng Mu Lu.