中国食品安全的过去、现在和将来

Food safety situation in China-past, present and future

本文从国家食品安全管理体制、食品安全国家标准以及风险分析框架的应用三个方面来回顾中国的食品安全,并展望将来。中国的国家食品安全管理体制从单一部门管理为主,演变为多部门的分段管理,又发展为市场监管总局、海关总署和农业农村部为主。法律层面也从《食品卫生法》发展为遵循风险分析框架的新《食品安全法》(2015年10月实施)。中国的食品安全国家标准也从食品卫生标准发展为食品安全标准,从互不协调、相互矛盾的三套强制性国家标准整合为一套食品安全国家标准,在覆盖面、技术水平、实用性,以及与国际标准接轨方面,都取得了长足的进步。对于国际公认的风险分析框架,从缺乏认识,到增加理解和认真实施,在全面开展风险监测、建立适合国情的风险评估制度、加强风险交流等方面取得了突出的成绩和进步。然而,也应该清醒地看到,中国当前在食品安全方面还存在很多问题。食源性疾病的监测和控制还比较薄弱,食品掺假或欺诈还相当普遍,风险交流面临严峻挑战(消费者对食品安全的过度担心)。为了尽快提升中国食品的质量和安全性,一是要做到从农田到餐桌的全产业链食品安全保障,二是政府要做到全产业链的一体化无缝监管。

This article reviews the past and current Chinese national food control system,food safety standard system and the application of risk analysis framework and provides some future perspectives.The national food control system in China has been changed from single ministry to fragmented management by multiple ministries and in the current system the State Administration of Market Regulation(SAMR),the General Administration of Chinese Customs(GACC)and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MOA)have the main responsibility.In the same time,the Food Hygiene Law was changed to Food Safety Law based on the risk analysis framework.Three different and conflicted mandatory national food standard systems were merged into one national food safety standard system by the end of 2015.The new standard system is in line with the Codex system and is significantly improved in coverage,scientific basis and feasibility.The application of risk analysis framework was advanced from lack of awareness to basic understanding and recently to primarily application.Significant progress was made in national food contamination monitoring and foodborne disease surveillance,risk assessment and risk communication.However,it should be noted that there are still many food safety issues in China.Surveillance and control on microbial foodborne illness are still weak.Food fraud is quite common at present.Risk communication is facing great challenge.In order to improve the quality and safety of Chinese food products,emphasis should be put in safety assurance of the whole food chain by industry and seamless inspection and control by regulatory agencies.