“聚和性”与俄罗斯文学经典中的怪诞现实主义

“Sobornost” and the Grotesque Realism in Russian Literary Classics

本研究通过考察东正教精神与俄罗斯文学经典的关系,指出,国内外学界对俄罗斯文学经典中怪诞现实主义的研究往往借鉴了巴赫金的怪诞现实主义理论,却忽视了其所指涉的具体的文化背景。“怪诞现实主义”是巴赫金在研究以拉伯雷为代表的欧洲中世纪和文艺复兴时期的创作中提出的。根据巴赫金的观点,它源自民间诙谐文化。本研究认为,由于俄罗斯文学与拉伯雷的创作处于不同的文化背景,故对俄罗斯文学中此类现象的研究不应照搬巴赫金对拉伯雷的研究,而应立足于巴赫金所提出的“长远时间”,即在俄罗斯文化的大背景中来考察。从俄罗斯东正教文化背景来看,“聚和性”才是此类文学现象的根本源泉,并且也与其艺术表现形式和审美特征有着千丝万缕的联系。而“多元共生”的理念作为“聚和性”的精髓,正是其本质内涵。本研究也揭示出“长远时间”理论对文学研究的积极意义。

Based on the investigation of the relationship between the orthodox spirit and the Russian literary classics,the author of this article argues that the studies of Grotesque Realism in the Rus-sian literary classics often benefit from Bakhtin's Theory of Grotesque Realism,but ignore its specific cultural background.“Grotesque Realism”was put forward by Bakhtin in his study of Francois Rabelais'works in the middle ages and Renaissance in Europe.According to him,Gro-tesque Realism originates from the culture of folk humor.Since Russian literature and Rabelais'creation are set against different cultural backgrounds,we should not copy Bakhtin's study on Rabelais in the study of this literary phenomenon,but should see it in the light of Bakhtin's“Great Time”,i.e.in the context of Russian culture.In view of the Russian Orthodox culture,“Sobornost”is the fundamental source of Grotesque Realism,closely related to its artistic ex-pression and aesthetic characteristics.The idea of“Multi-culture co-existence”is the essence of“Sobornost”.This study suggests the significance of Bakhtin's theory of“Great Time”in literar-y research in general.