论补充性货币的法律规制——兼论数字货币的补充性监管

Legal regulation of supplementary currency: Also on the regulation of digital currency as an supplementary currency

从20世纪20年代至今,补充性货币发展为“易货记账货币”与“时间货币”两种主要形态。一方面,面对法定货币表现出的种种不足,补充性货币在货币信用、货币单位等方面对法定货币进行了功能补充。另一方面,补充性货币作为小范围的私人交易媒介,易受多种因素影响而造成使用者权益受损,同时可能冲击法定货币体制并影响金融稳定,因此需要法律对其进行规制。但目前各国尚未出台针对补充性货币的监管措施,仅有法定货币法和民事法律可对其进行约束。私人数字货币是金融科技背景下补充性货币的新形态,其与法定数字货币均对传统法定货币起到了补充作用,同时私人数字货币对法定数字货币也存在功能补充,因此在监管私人数字货币与发行法定数字货币时,需要考虑到二者的补充性特征。补充性货币的监管很大程度上是一个政治问题而非法律问题,补充性货币是否能生存与发展,主要取决于政府自身是否能接受货币权力的分散化。

Since the 1920s,the supplementary currency has developed into two major modes:“Barter Currency”and“Time Currency”.On the one hand,supplementary currency,in face of various deficiencies of legal tender,functions as supplement in currency credit,currency unit and the like.On the other hand,supplementary currency,as small-scale private transactional medium,is subject to a variety of factors so as to cause damage to users'rights.At the same time,it may exert an impact on the legal tender system and pose a threat to financial stability.Nevertheless,a lot of countries have not introduced regulatory measures for supplementary currency,which are only subject to legal tender laws and civil laws.Besides,since both private digital currency and central bank digital currency exert supplementary influence on traditional legal tender,regulatory authorities should emphasize the functional supplement from private digital currency and central bank digital currency.Finally,The regulation of supplementary currency is largely a political issue rather than a legal issue.Therefore,the development of supplementary currency depends mainly on whether the government itself can accept the decentralization of monetary power.