动态整合视野下英国青少年运动能力发展模式优化研究——基于LTAD和YPD两种模式比较

Research on the optimization of british youth sports capability development mode under the dynamic integration——Based perspective on comparison of LTAD and YPD modes

通过对促进英国青少年运动能力发展的两种主流模式LTAD与YPD进行文献整理与归纳、分析,得出如下结论:(1)青少年运动能力长期发展模式(Long-Term Athletic Development)依据生物年龄划分儿童及青少年不同训练阶段,这种机械式划分方法和分类思想具有明显的理论局限性,未能根据青少年的身心发展特征,灵活区分不同训练阶段.但是此模式将青少年的身高增长峰值与体重增长峰值纳入到体现青少年生长发育程度的重要监控指标中,部分弥补了仅依靠生物年龄对青少年运动能力发展阶段进行划分的局限.(2)青少年体能发展整合模式(Youth Physical Development)是遵循青少年身心发展规律和发育特点的运动素质发展的新途径,旨在提升青少年基本运动能力和竞技表现的系统整合效果,通过长期的动态监控和科学的导向辅助青少年运动能力的持续发展.此模式的核心理念是力量、基本动作技能、速度和灵敏素质这四项运动能力为儿童时期训练的靶向内容,而对于专项运动技能、爆发力、肌纤维肥大的发展则是青春期的重中之重.(3)基于LTAD与YPD模式比较视野下,文章对体现青少年运动能力的6项指标,包括力量素质、速度素质、灵敏素质、位移能力、耐力素质与代谢能力进行系统分析,总结得出各项素质的发展敏感期、不同素质能力间的交互影响关系及各项素质的科学发展方法.

Through the literature review of the two mainstream modes LTAD and YPD,which promote the development of British youth sports capability,this paper draws the following conclusions:(1)Long-Term Athletic Development is based on biological age dividing different training stages of children and adolescents,and this mechanical division method and classification thought have obvious theoretical limitations,and it is not possible to flexibly distinguish different training stages according to the characteristics of adolescents'physical and mental development.However,this model incorporated the height growth peak and weight growth peak of teenagers into the important monitoring indexes reflecting the growth and development degree of teenagers,partly making up for the limitation of dividing the development stage of teenagers'sports ability only by biological age.(2)Youth Physical Development is a new approach to sports quality development that follows the laws and development characteristics of physical and mental development of young people.It aims to improve the systematic integration effect of basic sports ability and competitive performance of young people.Through long-term dynamic monitoring and scientific guidance,it assists the sustainable development of young people's sports ability.The core concept of this model is the targeted content of the four sports capability training in childhood,namely strength,basic motor skills,speed and agility,while the development of special sports skills,explosive power and muscle fiber hypertrophy is the top priority in adolescence.(3)Based on the comparison of LTAD and YPD modes,this paper systematically analyzes the six indicators that reflect the athletic capability of adolescents,including strength,speed,agility,displacement,endurance and metabolism,and concludes the sensitive period of development of the quality of the item,the interaction relationship between different qualities and the scientific development methods of various qualities.