土地经营权制度与民法典物权编编纂——评《民法典物权编(草案二次审议稿)》

The Management Right of Rural Land and the Compilation of the Real Rights Part of Civil Code: Comments on the Real Rights Part of Civil Code of PRC (the second draft)

土地经营权既可派生于土地承包经营权,也可派生于集体土地所有权,其所反映的是以出租、入股或者其他具有类似效果的形式所体现的农用地利用关系。在承包地“三权分置”所引发的承包地产权结构调整之中,土地承包经营权和土地经营权是相互独立的两个权利,各有其主体资格和权利内容。土地承包经营权的互换和转让不发生派生土地经营权的效果;土地承包经营权人所享有的利用承包地从事农业生产的权利也不表达为土地经营权。土地经营权在性质上属于债权,但不同类型的土地经营权所受保护的程度存在差异,其中经登记者具有类似于物权的效力。土地经营权的不动产利用权性质,决定了其为不适于出质的财产权利,其上所设定的担保物权应属抵押权。为维系不动产(权利)抵押权物权变动规则的一致性,土地经营权抵押权应采登记生效主义。

The management right of rural land can be derived from the right to the contracted management of rural land or the collective land ownership,which reflects the relationship of agricultural land utilization embodied by renting,contributing as share or other forms with similar effects.In the adjustment of the property right structure caused by the“Three-Right Separation”of rural land,the contracted management of rural land and the management right of rural land are two independent rights,each with its subject qualification and right content.The exchange or transfer of the contracted management of rural land does not derive the effect of the management right of rural land.Nor does the right to use the contracted land for agricultural production,which is enjoyed by the holder of the contracted management of rural land,mean the management right of rural land.The management right of rural land has the nature of the right in personam,but the degree of protection of different types of the management right of rural land varies,among which the effect of the registered management right of rural land is similar to that of right in rem.The management right of rural land is a kind of the real estate utilization rights,so it is not suitable for the pledge right,and the security right set on it should be the mortgage right.In order to maintain the consistency of the rules of the mortgage right on real estate(right),the mortgage of the management right of rural land should be registered and effective after registration.