言论、家法与文本:南宋殿试对策平议

Opinion,Domestic Discipline,and the Texts: Comment on Final Imperial Examination Answers in the Southern Song Dynasty

宋室南渡以后,重要的政治事件和政治动向,往往在进士科殿试对策中有所反映.殿试策文中虽多有谄谀之言,却也不乏直言谠论,此是一种言论.直言虽然往往受到权相与考官的忌惮与压制,但在士人清流中却能够伸张士气,激扬士风.高宗绍兴二年(1132)、绍兴二十七年(1157)两次殿试,张九成、王十朋二人分别得到拔擢,这两次取士策略被宁宗、理宗朝李鸣复、徐龟年称为高宗朝“家法”,虞俦、刘克庄等对此也推崇备至,这些言论为南渡以来皇帝直言取士的政治姿态定下正面基调.类似这种将先朝家法总结为国家取士的衡量标准,用以规范当朝科举与言路,此又是一种言论.廷试对策内容既是政论,就须留意措辞.说什么,如何说,这方面文本载体的意义也有所呈现.如何在规定的文体中陈述政见、用文学的语言与形式,表达出微婉、深稳的政治话语,是策文作者必须考虑的问题.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, significant political events and movements were often reflected in the final imperial examination answers. Opinions led the rank and trend of the final imperial examination answers. Although there were much obsequious words, outspokenness still remained as one kind of opinion. Outspoken opinions tended to be suppressed by ministers and examiners, yet could promote and enhance rightousness among scholars. In the twice final imperial examinations of A.D. 1132 and 1157, Zhang Jiucheng and Wang Shipeng were selected for their outspoken discourse, which set a positive political posture on scholar selection, and was called as “domestic discipline” in the reign of Emperor Gaozong. The answer to final imperial examination belongs to political comment, so how to state profound political discourse in specified style of literary language and form, was at the first consideration of examinees.