1Liang J,Dai L,Zhu J,et al.Preventable maternal mortality:Geographic/ruralurban differences and associated factors from the population-based maternal mortality surveillance system in China[J].Bmc Public Health,2011,11:243.
2American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.ACOG Practice Bulletin:Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists Number 76,October 2006:postpartum hemorrhage[J].Obstet Gynecol,2006,108:1039-1047.
3B-Lynch C.A comprehensive textbook of postpartumhemorrhage:an essential clinical reference for effective management[M].2nd ed.London:Sapiens Publishing,2012:1-12.
4Tun(c)alp O,Souza JP,Gülmezoglu M,et al.New WHO recommendations on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2013,123:254-256.
5Leduc D,Senikas V,Lalonde AB,et al.Active management of the third stage of labour:prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage[J].J Obstet Gynaecol Can,2009,31:980-993.
6Gülmezoglu AM,Lumbiganon P,Landoulsi S,et al.Active management of the third stage of labour with and without controlled cord traction:a randomised,controlled,non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet,2012,379:1721-1727.
7Chen M,Chang Q,Duan T,et al.Uterine massage to reduce blood loss after vaginal delivery:a randomized controlled rrial[J].Obstet Gynecol,2013,122:290-295.
8Wedisinghe L,Macleod M,Murphy DJ.Use of oxytocin to prevent haemorrhage at caesarean section:a survey of practice in the United Kingdom[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2008,137:27-30.
9WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee.WHO guidelines for the managementof postpartum haemorrhage and retained placenta[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2009:1-10.
10Beverly W,Rasha D,Jill D,et al.Treatment of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour:a double-blind,randomised,non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet,2010,375:210-216.