大道贵中:制度思维与竞争法学建构

Great Way Respects the Middle: Institutional Thought and Constructing Competition Legal Science

卡尔·施密特将法学思维方式区分为规范论、决断论和制度论。制度并不是规则的机械加总,个体性和空洞化的决断也不会产生稳定秩序,施密特在扬弃规范思维和决断思维的基础上,提倡对抗规范主义的制度思维。纸面上的规则必须经过反复实践才能结构化,建立起行为框架结构,成为一种制度。制度是具体秩序的载体,具体秩序是法的固有要素,是决断的限制性条件。制度化的过程促进秩序的形成,秩序的形成有赖于制度的利器。制度论对于竞争法学既具有形而下的“器”的意义,这体现在竞争过程培育机理的发现、相关市场等制度性事实的界定、竞争权概念的祛魅、竞争法制度保护功能的定位等方面,又具有形而上的“道”的意义,倡导内嵌中道思维的制度论有助于深刻理解竞争与合作、自由与干预、单一效率目标论与多元价值目标论等组合范畴间的关系。某种意义上,竞争法既反对自由放任主义,又区别于经济干预主义,明晰群己界分的竞争自由底线,是维护竞争自由的社会协调之法。

Carl Schmitt adopts a tripartite division of juristic thought mode as the normativist,the decisionist and the institutionalist.The institution cannot be regarded as the sum of rules,and the determination with individuality and hollowness cannot produce a stable order.Therefore,Schmidt advocates the institutional thought against the normalism on the basis of sublating the normative and decisive thought.The structurization of those rules being written on paper should be achieved through repeated practice for a lengthy period,to be institutionalized as a behavioral framework.The institution is the carrier of the specific order,which is the inherent element of the law and the restrictive conditions to the decisionist.The process of institutionalization promotes the formation of order and this formation depends on the edge tool of the institution.Institutionalism has the physical meanings of“instrument”for competition law,which are embodied in the discovery of the cultivation mechanism of competitive process,the definition of institutional facts such as relevant markets,the disenchantment of the concept of competition right,the positioning of the protection function of competition law,etc.It also has the metaphysical meanings of“Tao”.The middle thought in institutional theory is helpful to understand the relationship between competition and cooperation,freedom and intervention,single efficiency goal and multiple value goals.In a sense,the competition law both adopts a legal position to oppose laissez-faire and resolutely demarcates with economic interventionism,clearly defining the bottom line of free competition among rivals,and it is the social coordination law for preserving competition freedom.