法国事后宪法审查机制的十年:总结与启示

The French QPC Constitutional Review in Ten Years:Summary and Reflection

合宪性审查工作的有效推进必须借助适当机制,也应参考和借鉴各种域外制度资源。法国2008年修宪通过新设事后审查机制来弥补原事前审查机制的不足。在近10年的实践中,宪法委员会通过事后审查机制受理了大量由最高行政法院和最高司法法院移送的当事人违宪抗辩,其总量超过事前审查机制在60年中的案件总和。事后审查机制的实践在总体上相当成功,使宪法委员会最终完成了由政治机构到宪法法院的转变,为宪法的教义性适用提供了基本框架,但宪法委员会的组成和程序设置仍然存在一系列问题,尚待未来继续改革。借鉴法国的经验与教训,我国可以考虑完善人民法院系统与全国人大宪法和法律委员会的审查通道,但其具体程序设计需要考虑诸多现实因素。

The work of constitutional review should be implemented only effectively through appropriate mechanism,and draw lesson from different foreign institutional resources.The French constitutional revision of 2008 established a posteriori review procedure to supplement the existed priori review.In the posteriori review practice of nearly 10 years,the Constitutional Council received magnanimous litigants exceptions of unconstitutionality through transfer of Council of State and Court of Cassation,the amount of which dwarfs the priori review in 60 years.The generally successful posteriori review finished the transformation of Constitutional Council from a political body into a court of constitutional law which provides a basic outline for the dogmatic application of Constitution.However,the organization and procedure of Constitutional Council is far from perfection,and further reforms are in need.In reflection of French experience,the constitutional review by NPC s Committee of Constitution and Law could be connected with the people s courts,whereas the concrete procedure design should take several reality factors into consideration.