乡村与国家的“交集”:藏族地区集体经济的逻辑

Combining Villages with the State: Logic behind Collective Economy in Tibetan Areas

在空壳村不断增多的背景下,藏族地区在脱贫攻坚中却不断地增添新的集体经济。藏族地区集体经济的存在与发展,有着“集体的责任”的深刻历史源流,这既是其社会底蕴,也是农牧民的生存性智慧。20世纪50年代的合作经济以及草场承包后的联户经营等,是乡村与国家需求的“交集”。目前新增添的集体经济,是农牧民与政府“合意”地治理贫困,并在更大的范围内形成“共有—共享—共治”治理格局。透过新增添的集体经济,发现政府引领型贫困治理的多层意涵:最直接的引领是产业发展引领,传统优势产业与新兴产业齐飞;潜藏其后的逻辑是联结着益贫性的集体化和进一步组织化,拓展了公共性。乡村和国家的“交集”,既契合了当地经济社会文化,也具有发展前景。

While the number of villages in China has been shrinking with the growing degree of urbanization,collective economies in Tibetan areas have been on the rise in the process of poverty alleviation.The expansion and development of this economic form was due to the wisdom of the farmers and herdsmen,together with the historical legacy and social conditions of the region.Villages and the State were first combined in the 1950s in the form of cooperative economy and partnerships based contracted grassland.Recent growth in the number of Collective economies is due to the fact that the intentions of the local residents and of the State converged,that is,to alleviate poverty.Meanwhile,a layout featured with“Common Ownership,Shared development and Co-governance”was widely formulated.The increase in collective economies has also suggested at least two points concerning the project of government-led poverty alleviation.On one hand,the most direct way for poverty alleviation is industry development,in the process of which traditional advantage industries and newly arising ones are given equal importance.On the other hand,the logic behind the practice is that it is associated with pro-poverty collectivization and a higher degree of organization and publicity.It is shown that,because it suits well with local economic and socio-cultural conditions,the practice of“combining”villages with the State has a bright future.