中国基本养老保险权益流动性评估

Evaluation for the Portability of Social Pension Insurance in China

中国改革开放以来出现了史上最大规模的人口迁移与流动,但户籍制度等特殊国情却使迁移流动人口的基本养老保险权益未能伴随其迁移流动而正常流动,中国基本养老保险权益的流动性成为人口迁移流动与社会保障研究的一个重要课题。本文根据中国基本养老保险制度的运行机制,参考世界银行社会保障权益流动性评估体系,从评估框架建构、指标选择、权重确定、赋值计算等方面逐层细化,构建包括政策规定、制度内容、经办效率、权益损失四个维度的中国本土化“基本养老保险权益流动性评估体系”,用以评估和衡量中国基本养老保险权益的流动性水平。本文应用权益流动性评估体系对中国1995-2017年23年间基本养老保险制度内容及其变迁进行考察和评估,以准确把握我国基本养老保险权益流动性水平及其变化特征。研究发现中国基本养老保险权益已经从制度建立之初的基本不能流动发展到现在的较顺畅流动,政策规定完备程度、制度内容一致性、经办效率改善、权益流动性损失降低等各个维度的流动性水平都有显著提高。但分析说明也还存在或多或少的流动性障碍,部分人群仍然面临权益的较大损失。本文在考察评估的基础上提出了提高中国基本养老保险权益流动性的政策建议。

China’s Reform and Opening-up drives the largest-scale of population migration.However,some special institutions such as the household registration system,restricts basic pension rights floating along with labor mobility,which has already become an important research issue in the study field of popu lation migration and social security.Based on the operational mechanism of China’s basic pension insur ance and refer to the World Bank’s analysis framework for the portability of social security,this article es tablished a China-localized“Evaluation Index System for the Portability of Basic Pension Insurance”,which contains 4 dimensions of policy arrangement,detail content,administrative efficiency and pension losses.With this evaluation system,the article appraises China’s pension rights portability since 1995 to 2017,and figure out the changing features of China’s pension system.The results show that the portability of China’s pension system is enhancing dramatically during the period,from almost not portable at the be ginning to the current stage of transferable in most occasions with each dimension has greatly increased.The suitable policies,consistence of policy contents,the improvement of administrative efficiency,and the decrease of benefit losses,etc.are all achieved remarkable enhancement.However,many portable obstacles still exist,and some population groups are still facing large pension losses during transfer process.Based on the serious evaluation works the article put forward four suggestions to improve pension rights portability in China.