权衡论证：一种语用论辩学的分析

Balance-of-Considerations Argument:A Pragma-Dialectical Analysis

由于权衡论证中同时引用了正反两方面的理由来证明一个观点,它被视为一种特殊的论证类型,并得到学界的持续关注和探讨。非形式逻辑学者认为,权衡论证对应着一个“将正反两方面理由加以权衡后得出结论”的特殊机制,因而需要通过增加“平衡考虑前提”来对其进行逻辑重构。这一做法强调反面理由的逻辑功能,但却带来一系列的理论问题。借助语用论辩学的理论工具,可以将权衡论证解析为一种策略操控的特定模式,这一分析不仅能很好地揭示权衡论证的特点和机制,而且还展现出理论上的简洁性和优越性。权衡论证中引述反面理由的目的,并不是为结论的证成提供逻辑依据,而是为增加说服效果而采取的修辞策略。进而,要刻画权衡论证的基本特性,其关键在于阐明其中所运用的特殊语言表达技巧,以及它如何增进了论证对于听众的说服效果。

In balance-of-considerations arguments both the positive reasons and some counterconsiderations are provided,implying that the conclusion is reached by the way of weighing and balancing.Informal logicians propose to reconstruct balance-of-considerations arguments by supplementing for them an on-balance premise.This approach emphasizes the logical function of counter-considerations,but interprets the arguer in an uncharitable way.Taking a Pragma-Dialectical perspective,balance-of-considerations arguments can be analyzed as a mode of strategic maneuvering.The presence of counterconsiderations is understood as arguer’s rhetorical strategy to increase the persuasive effect,rather than to enhance its justificatory power.A Pragma-dialectical analysis of balance-of-considerations arguments can well explain its special structure and mechanism,and also manifest some theoretical advantages over the logical perspective.