民以籍定:明代的儒籍及其民籍化

Ruji and Its Trend of Minji in the Ming Dynasty

明代儒户来源复杂,主要由元代遗留儒户、明初业儒者、皇帝赐籍、先贤后裔四部分组成。儒户是一种身份性户籍,依来源的不同而享有不同的经济地位,而业儒是儒户的本业。正统以后,儒籍民籍化已是大势所趋,并逐步成为民籍的二级户籍。至明末,儒籍又出现了新动向,四氏贤裔和至圣裔籍出现,成为儒籍的二级户籍。就四氏贤裔、至圣裔籍与民籍、儒籍的关系来看,明代户籍结构显然是层级的,而不是平行的。明代儒籍的分化演变,是在户籍制度变迁的大背景下完成的。

The sources of Ruji in the Ming Dynasty were complex,mainly composed of four parts:the left in the Yuan Dynasty,the Ruji in the early Ming Dynasty,the emperors’reward,and the descendants of the sages.Ruji was an identity household registration,which enjoys different economic status depending on the source,while Confucianism was the life of Ruji.After the Zhengtong era,Ruji had a trend of becoming Minji,and the Ruji has gradually become the second-class household registration of the Minji.There had been new trends in Ruji by the end of the Ming Dynasty,the Sishixianyi and Zhishengyi appeared and became the second-class household registration of the Ruji.Judging from the relationship between the different registrations,the household registration structure was obviously hierarchical,not parallel in the Ming Dynasty.The differentiation and evolution of Ruji in the Ming Dynasty was completed under the background of the changes in the household registration system of the Ming Dynasty.