嘉靖后期辽东四年饥荒与边防危机

Four Years of Famine and Frontier Crisis in Liaodong in the Late Jiajing Period

嘉靖三十六年至三十九年军事重镇辽东的“百年未有之灾”,造成粮食奇缺、饥民相食、生产衰败、军民逃亡、北虏频扰,边防危机加重。面对危局,明朝廷采取了蠲免税粮、赈银济粮,畅通陆路、开通海路,补充军需、整饬兵备等多种应对举措,取得了积极效果。然囿于孤悬封闭的特殊环境,孱弱的备灾自救能力,被动低效的救灾痼疾,此次危局应对的效果并不理想。大饥荒冲击后的辽东,直到隆庆年间依然非常萧条,边防危机四伏,而后金逐渐壮大,终经此西向取明而代之。

An“Unprecedented disaster”occurred in the garrison town of Liaodong in the 36 th—39 th years of Jiajing,caused a serious frontier crisis.The Ming government adopted a variety of measures including relieving grain tax,allocating funds and distributing food,smoothing the land route,opening sea transportation,supplementing military supplies and reorganizing military matters,which achieved positive results.However,the response to this crisis was not ideal owing to the remote and isolated environment,weak disaster preparedness and self-rescue ability,passive and inefficient disaster relief.After the baptism of the Great Famine,Liaodong was still depressed until Longqing period and the frontier defence was dangerous.Afterwards,the later Jin grew stronger and eventually went pass westward,and replaced the Ming Dynasty.