我国协商型环境规制构造研究

Research on the Construction of Negotiation-style Environmental Regulation in China

环境规制具有专业性、技术性、不确定性、复杂性和主观性等特征,命令型环境规制无法破解环境规制僵化难题,制约环保技术创新,导致环境规制的遵从度低;激励型环境规制面临巨大的信息成本、契约成本、监督成本等,缺少环境正义的考量。协商型环境规制是以过程和程序为法律机制,以风险预防、多元参与、协商沟通、公开透明、合作共治为基本特征,以制度性整合、功能性整合和价值性整合为作用机理的新型环境规制模式,具有遵从度高、结构开放、彰显正义、风险预防以及灵活性强等功能。基于对我国环境保护公众参与、环保约谈、生态环境损害赔偿磋商、环境污染第三方治理等制度的检视和反思,针对我国协商型环境规制面临的信息透明度弱、公众参与度低、协商性和程序性不足以及司法对环境协商规制的制衡和保障不完备等问题,应构建协商制定规则制度和环境执法和解制度,完善环境保护公众参与、环保约谈、生态环境损害赔偿、环境污染第三方治理等制度体系。

Environmental regulation has the characteristics of professionalism,technology,uncertainty,complexity and subjectivity.The imperative-style environmental regulation fails to solve the problem of rigidity of environmental regulation,restricts technological innovation of environmental protection,thus resulting in low compliance with environmental regulation.The incentive-style environmental regulation faces huge information cost,contract cost and supervision cost,etc.,and lacks consideration of environmental justice.Negotiation-style environmental regulation is a new mode of environmental regulation with process and procedure as its legal mechanism,risk prevention,multi-participation,negotiation and communication,openness and transparency,cooperation and co-governance as its basic characteristics,institutional integration,functional integration and value integration as its function mechanism,and enjoys features of high compliance,open structure,showing justice,risk prevention and flexibility and so on.Based on the review and reflection of systems of China such as public participation in environmental protection,interview concerning environmental protection,consultation on compensation for damage to ecological environment and third-party treatment of environmental pollution,targeting at problems in China's negotiation-style environmental regulation such as low information transparency,low public participation,insufficient consultation and procedure,and incomplete balance and guarantee of regulation of environmental negotiation by justice,the system on formulating rules through negotiation and the reconciliation system of environmental law enforcement should be established and relevant mechanism such as public participation in environmental protection,interview concerning environmental protection,compensation for damage to ecological environment and third-party treatment of environmental pollution should be improved.