跨界突发性水污染国家责任构建

The Establishment of National Liability for Accidental Transboundary Water Pollution

跨界突发性水污染民事责任所依据的“污染者付费原则”因存在着科学不确定的情形而具有局限性。跨界突发性水污染责任应定性为国家为主导的补偿责任。跨界突发性水污染所引发的原因是事故,跨界突发性水污染责任形式除了包括由造成损害的主体进行赔偿之外,还应包括求偿当事国的补偿。跨界突发性水污染补偿责任的法律基础是包括受影响国在内的“共同责任”。对沿岸各国国民人权的损害应该纳入补偿范围。在此前提下跨界突发性水污染的补偿方式应是“利益补偿”,而不仅仅是“生态补偿”。随着主权与环境的相互融合,生态安全与国际环境权利应相互联系,应以预防和补偿效果为立足点,促进跨界突发性水污染中国家责任职能的完善。

The"polluter pays principle",on which the civil liability for accidental transboundary water pollution is based,has limitation due to the existence of circumstances with scientific uncertainty.The liability for accidental transboundary water pollution should be defined as a state-led compensation liability.The accidental transboundary water pollution is caused by an accident.The mode of liability for accidental transboundary water pollution includes not only damages paid by the actor causing the damage but also the compensation made by the claiming country.The legal basis for the compensation for accidental transboundary water pollution is the shared liabilities of countries including the injured country,and the damage to human rights of nationals of coastal countries should be included in the scope of compensation.Under this premise,the mode of compensation for accidental transboundary water pollution should be"compensation for interests",rather than just"ecological compensation".As the concept of sovereignty begins to absorb the ecological element,the discourses of ecological security and international environmental rights should be interacted,so the improvement of national liabilities and functions in the accidental transboundary water pollution should be promoted on basis of the effects of prevention and compensation.