西周蒡京与殷周■祭——殷周苑囿与祭竈传统

Pangjing in the Western Zhou and the Wan Sacrifice in the Shang and Zhou Period:Park and the Tradition of Sacrifice to the Cooking Stove in Shang and Zhou Period

西周金文习见蒡京,其与周、宗周、成周不同,而独称“京”,性质为王室苑囿,地在秦阿房故地,于秦汉上林苑中,最初则为文王之灵囿,其事见载于《诗·大雅·灵台》。蒡京沼池遍布,禽兽出没,故其间必筑作绝高台基之建筑,以避潮湿与兽害,故而称“京”,且借景而作辟雍等宫室。蒡京作为王朝苑囿,为生养之地,周王以[食宛]祭祭之,是为制度。殷周[食宛]祭实即竈祭,目的在于祈食主生养,[食宛]为养生之和豆饴糖,世以为竈糖。竈祭迎神于室之西南隅尊处,遂室之西南隅本称“宛”,后转为“奥”,故祭竈也就是祭奥,殷周祭竈则或称[食宛]大室。利用殷周金文史料,参诸传世文献,可揭示其时之苑囿制度与祭竈传统。

Pangjing蒡京,commonly seen in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions and differing itself from Zhou周,Zongzhou宗周and Chengzhou成周by enjoying exclusively the name of“jing京”,was in fact park(yuanyou苑囿)of the royal household,it occupied the site where Epang阿房of the Qin dynasty located within the area of Shanglinyuan上林苑of the Qin and Han period,the original form of which can be traced back to Lingyou灵囿of King Wen as recorded in the Shi jing Ode诗(Lingtai灵台of Daya大雅section).As a space full of ponds and occupied by animals,the need to avoid humidity and animal invasion necessitated the building of architectures with rather high foundations in Pangjing,with the background of these ponds,such buildings as Piyong辟雍was also constructed.As park of the dynasty,Pangjing became a place of birth and nutrition,thus establishing the institution of sacrificing to it in the form of wan[食宛] sacrifice by the Zhou Kings.The wan sacrifice was the same with the zhao灶sacrifice,namely the sacrifice to the cooking stove,aiming to pray for cooked food for the purpose of nutrition;wan was the nutrient malt sugar mixed with beans,customarily recognized as zhaotang竈糖,ie.sugar of cooking stove.In the zhao sacrifice,the god was received at the respected place of the house,ie.the southwest corner of the house,which was called“wan”and latter changed into“ao奥”,thereby the sacrifice to zhao was equivalent to the sacrifice to ao.Evidences also show that the sacrifice to zhao sometimes bears the name of wan taishi[食宛]太室,meaning to make wan sacrifice to taishi太室.Based on bronze inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou period,and with reference to historical documents,this article reveals the institution of park and the tradition of sacrifice to zhao during the Shang and Zhou period.