西汉海昏侯国酒俗文化考略——以南昌海昏侯墓出土筵席器具为例

An Investigation on the Wine Culture of Haihun Marquis State in the Western Han Dynasty:Taking the Unearthed Banquet Utensils of Haihun Marquis Tomb in Nanchang as An Example

南昌海昏侯墓出土了一批珍贵的筵席器具,反映了西汉上层贵族雅致的饮食文化,而“酒”是贯穿其中的一个重要元素,主要体现在:一是造酒的酒器,如大型青铜蒸馏器,其结构完整复杂,体型硕大,包括天锅、地锅、导引管和馏口,反映了西汉比较成熟的酿酒工艺;二是储酒的酒具,如龙盘凤碗、耳杯、樽、卮等漆器,玉耳杯等玉器,还有青铜钫、青铜缶、青铜壶等青铜器,尤其是凤纹提梁卣,凸显了主人的尊贵身份;三是佐酒的酒具,如体现西汉分食制的染炉、席镇、温鼎以及雅乐活动的整套铁编磬、琴、瑟、排箫等乐器,较完整地反映了西汉贵族社会的佐酒之礼,举手投足、行卧坐立乃至赏乐均应“不逾矩”,遵守宴饮俗制。这批珍贵的筵席器具,以“酒”为媒,突出地展示了西汉酒俗文化的丰富内涵,生动地勾勒出西汉上层贵族社会的民俗生活图谱。

In the tomb of Haihun Marquis in Nanchang,a number of precious banquet utensils were unearthed,which reflects the elegant cooking culture of the upper aristocrats in the Western Han Dynasty,and“wine”was an important element running through it and it is mainly embodies in the following aspects:Firstly,the wine making vessels,such as large bronze distiller,which has a complete and complex structure and a large body,including tianguo,diguo,guiding tube and distilling mouth,reflecting the relatively mature wine making technology in the Western Han Dynasty;Secondly,the wine storage tools,such as dragon dish and phoenix bowl,ear cup,cade,Vessel,etc.lacquer ware,jade ear cup and other jade articles,as well as bronzes such as fang,fou and kettle,especially the lifting beam vessel with phoenix vascularis,showing the owner’s honorable status;Thirdly,the wine accompanying set,such as Dyeing furnace,seat town,temperature tripod,reflecting the Separate food sharing system in the Western Han Dynasty,and elegant music activities of a complete set of iron chime,qin,ser,panpipe and other Musical Instruments,which reflects the wine ceremony of the noble society in the Western Han Dynasty more completely.It means that the noble society should obey“not exceed the norm”not just for daily behavior but for enjoying the music,and observe the custom of feasting.This group of precious banquet utensils,with“wine”as the medium,highlights the rich connotation of wine culture in the Western Han Dynasty,and vividly outlines the map of folk life in the upper aristocrats of the Western Han Dynasty.