恶势力犯罪司法认定的偏差与匡正——基于250份裁判文书的思考

The Deviation and Correction of the Judicial Determination of the Crime of Vicious Gangs Based on 250 Judicial Documents

通过对250份裁判文书实证研究发现,即便恶势力认定标准已被司法机关简化为“三人三次”,法院对于“三次违法(犯罪)”的认定仍存在诸多偏差:违法事实与犯罪事实重复评价;已经调解、和解、行政处罚的事实再次评价;数起事实间隔过长或过短;轻微事实以刑代罚。形成这些问题的根源在于规范模糊、认定主体错位、指标式除恶和软暴力门槛过低。一方面,在现有组织、行为、危害等形式特征基础上,有必要增设实质层面标准,以满足恶势力作为黑社会组织雏形的特征。另一方面,应当在文书中写明三次违法犯罪分别对应的事实、对恶势力罪名适当限制、提高违法行为被纳入恶势力认定范畴的门槛。

Through the empirical research on 250 judicial documents,it is not difficult to find that even if the judicial sectors have simplified the crime identification standard of vicious gangs as“three persons as a group committing crimes three times”,the court still faces many deviations and distractions in determining the“com-mitting crimes for three times”in that illegal facts and criminal facts are re-evaluated;the facts of mediation,reconciliation,and administrative punishment are re-evaluated;the factual intervals of the criminal acts are either too long or too short;and criminal punishment instead of civil punishment is imposed on minor offences.The roots for these problems are due to the ambiguity of the norms,the identification of dislocations of the main body,the low-level indicators and the low threshold of soft violence.On the one hand,it is necessary to add substantive standards to meet the characteristics of the vicious gangs as the embryonic form of the underworld criminal organization on the basis of the existing forms of organization,behavior,and hazards,.On the other hand,it is necessary to state in the document the facts corresponding to committing illegal crimes for three times,the appropriate restrictions on the crimes of vicious gangs,and raising the threshold of identifying illegal behaviors as crimes committed by vicious gangs.