基于自然能量的乡土建筑热力学研究

Thermodynamic Vernacular Architecture Based on Natural Energy

气候对建筑的性能及其能源消耗有着深远的影响.减少能源消耗,利用自然资源,提供舒适健康和可持续的生活环境不仅是许多乡土传统民居所遵循的原则,也是当今气候响应可持续建筑设计的目标.在全球范围内,绝大多数乡土民居采用当地可用的材料建造,遵循传统的做法和模式,积极利用自然气候中的光﹑热﹑风等自然能量以适应气候环境.在我国各地的传统乡土建筑,一般由非职业建筑师体系建造,但在建造意图上却会强调建筑的自然通风﹑遮阳﹑保温隔热与经济性.在被动式调节下,有的乡土民居的室内热舒适性甚至还会优于当代住房.而浙中地区属于亚热带湿润季风气候,年温舒适,有明显的干湿两季.通过对我国浙江中部地区的古村落——神坛村的实地考察,以绘制传统与现代乡土建筑能量图解为研究框架,从村落选址﹑朝向﹑建筑间距﹑室内空间布置﹑开口设计及建筑材料与构造等方面对该古村传统民居与现代民居的气候适应性特征进行分析研究,试图搭建传统与现代乡土建筑之间的热力学联系,为未来乡村规划和设计提供新视角.

Climate has a major impact on the performance of buildings and their energy consumption.Reducing energy consumption,using natural resources and providing comfortable,healthier and sustainable living spaces are not only the basic principles followed by many traditional vernacular architecture,but also the aims of a climate-responsive sustainable building design today.Most of the traditional dwellings in the world use local building materials,make full use of renewable energy,and actively use the natural energy such as light,heat and wind in the natural climate to adapt to the climatic environment,and have good adaptability to the local climate and topography.In China,the traditional dwellings in the Jiangnan area emphasize architectural shading,heat insulation and natural ventilation.Some of the traditional residential houses in Jiangnan are even better than modern dwellings.The middle part of Zhejiang province belongs to the subtropical humid monsoon climate,with comfortable annual temperature and obvious dry and wet seasons.Through the field investigation of the ancient village of Shentan Village in central Zhejiang,China,the traditional and modern vernacular architecture energy diagram is taken as the research framework.As the measured object,in Feng Xuefeng’s former residence and the village Party branch building,research group analyse the winter indoor and outdoor air temperature and humidity,the wall surface temperature and thermal comfort in the quantitative test and the simulation of the response.From the site selection,orientation,building spacing,interior space layout,opening design and building materials,this paper analyzes and studies the climate adaptability characteristics of traditional and modern dwellings in ancient villages,and attempts to establish a thermodynamic link between traditional and modern vernacular buildings,providing a new perspective for future vernacular architecture planning and design.