日语“図書館”词源考

On the Etymology of Japanese “Toshokan(図書館,Library)”

19世纪中期传入日本的《[口英]咭唎紀略》和《海国图志》中,英文“Library”的中译名是“大书馆”和“书馆”。但源自《四洲志》的《海国图志》中,中文“书馆”大部分译自英文的“学校”或“大学”而非“图书馆”。1860年森田冈太郎和1872年市川清流与町田久成先后提出了“書籍館”的译名。日语“図書館”的名称首先来自1877年的东京大学法理文学部图书馆,以该馆为代表,日本的大学图书馆名称出现过先将“書籍”转换为“圖書”,并与建筑设施的其他称谓结合(如“圖書室”),然后再替换为与“館”结合的演化路径。“图书”“文库”“图书室”“图书馆”在中国古代均已出现。日语中只有“図書”源自古汉语,日本在8世纪初出现了名为“図書寮”的机构,一度也负责管理国家的藏书。没有证据表明“library”一词的日译名称“図書室”和“図書館”直接取自中国古已有之的称谓。

The Chinese translations of“Library”in the Ying Ji Li Jilue(《[口英]咭唎紀略》,A Brief Report on England)and Hai Guo Tu Zhi(《海国图志》,The History of Foreign Countries),which were introduced to Japan in the mid-19th century,are“a large Shuguan(书馆)”and“Shuguan”(“书馆”).However,in the Hai Guo Tu Zhi(《海国图志》,The History of Foreign Countries)originating from Si Zhou Zhi(《四洲志》,Global History),The Chinese words“Shuguan”(“书馆”)were mostly translated from English words“school”or“university/academic”rather than“library”.Okataro Morita in 1860 and Seiryu Ichikawa and Machida Hisanari in 1872 successively created the word“書籍館/Shojaku-kwan or Shoseki-kwan”.The word of the Japanese“図書館/Toshokan”(“library”)first came from the library of Departments of Law,Science and Literature of the University of Tokyo in 1877.As the representative of this library,the name of the university library in Japan had appeared in this evolutionary path that first to convert“書籍/Shoseki”into“図書/Tosho”and combine them with other appellations of the building facility(such as“図書室/Toshoshitsu”),and then replace it with“館/Kan”.The words“Tushu”(“图书”),“Wenku”(“文库”),“Tushushi”(“图书室”),“Tushuguan”(“图书馆”)have emerged in ancient China.Only“図書/Tosho”originated from the ancient Chinese in Japanese,and the institution called“図書寮/toshoryō”appeared in the early 8th century in Japan which was also responsible for the management of national collections.There is no evidence that“図書室/Toshoshitsu”and“図書館/Toshokan”which were the Japanese translation of the term“library”,were taken directly from the ancient Chinese appellation.