长江中游稻区水稻产业发展现状、问题与建议

Status, Problems and Solutions in Rice Industry Development in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

为了解国家调低稻谷保护收购价后长江中游稻区水稻产业发展状况,湖南、湖北、江西和河南4省水稻专家组织开展了相关调研。结果表明,长江中游稻区2018和2019(预测)两年水稻总体种植面积持续缩减,主要是湖南和江西"双改单"和种植结构调整所致,而湖北和河南面积略有增加。稻区内2018年稻谷销售进度明显滞后于上年同期,稻谷价格也不同程度下跌。这主要受国家保护价下调影响。而优质稻谷销售进度和价格受影响较小,其流通表现出更强的市场化。2018年水稻种植人工、地租、化肥和总成本均出现不同程度提高,其中地租和人工成本增加是总成本提高的主要原因。2018年稻米加工企业稻谷收购量、收购价和稻米批发价均不同程度降低。稻区内优质稻和杂交稻种植面积占比均为64%;籼稻面积占比97.6%。不同水稻种植技术应用比例表现为抛秧>手插和直播>机插;再生稻种植面积不断增加,稻渔模式迅猛发展。同时,稻区水稻产业发展面临着农民种粮积极性普遍下降,订单农业发展风险重重,农业基础设施不完善、修缮主体不明确,农业生产社会化程度偏低,稻渔模式无序发展隐患大,农民卖粮难度大、成本高、风险大,区域稻米品牌建设亟待加强等一系列问题。建议政府调整粮食收储政策,加强对农业的政策和补贴支持力度,加强对再生稻和稻渔模式发展的引导,加大科研攻关投入。

The survey was conducted by the rice researchers from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Henan provinces, aiming to learn the development situation of rice industry in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River after the rice protection purchase price was lowered. The results showed that: mainly due to the adjustment of paddy field planting mix and the change from double cropping to single-cropping in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, the total rice planting area in 2018 and 2019 years was expected to decline, while the area of Hubei and Henan provinces were raised slightly. In 2018, the sales fell well behind the schedule as compared with 2017. And the rice sales price also reduced. They were mainly affected by the downward adjustment of the national rice protection price. However, the sales schedule and price of high-quality rice were less influenced, and its circulation was more market-oriented. In 2018, the labor, land, fertilizer and total costs of rice planting all increased to varying degrees, and the land rent and labor cost increases were the main reason. Also, the rice purchase volume and price, and rice wholesale price of rice processing enterprises declined in 2018. In this region, high-quality rice and hybrid rice accounted for 64% in planting area, and the indica rice for 97.6%. And the ratios of rice production patterns in the area are as follows: broadcasting>artificial transplanting and direct seeding>mechanical transplanting;While, the growing area of ratoon rice is increasing, and the pattern of rice-fishing culture has seen a rapid growth. At the same time, a series of problems is hindering the development of the industry, such as the wide spread decline of farmers’ enthusiasm in growing grain rice, rising risk in contract farming development, the imperfect agricultural infrastructure and unclear division accountable for the renovation, incomplete market-based agricultural production, the hidden dangers of the disorderly development of rice-fishing mode, the difficult, costly and risky grain selling of farmers, and the less regional rice brand, and so on. At last, the advice to the government was proposed.