新疆早熟陆地棉品种更替过程中的株型特征及主要经济性状的演变

Plant Type Characteristics and Evolution of Main Economic Characters in Early Maturing Upland Cotton Cultivar Replacement in Xinjiang

【目的】分析新疆早熟陆地棉品种更替产量提高过程中株型特征及主要经济性状的演变趋势,结合发展机采棉对品种特性的需求,阐述品种更替中适宜机采特性的变化,为新疆棉花新品种选育及栽培管理提供理论依据。【方法】于2015-2016年和2018年选择新疆近40年来自育早熟陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)不同年代(1980s、1990s、2000s和2010s)大面积主栽品种(新陆早1号、新陆早7号、新陆早13号和新陆早45号)为材料,在膜下滴灌栽培条件下,对不同年代品种的第一果节长度、果枝节间长度、节枝比、株高、果枝始节、始节高度、果枝夹角、果枝数、叶枝数、倒四叶宽和茎粗共11个株型指标及主要经济性状的演变进行分析。【结果】随品种更替,棉株第一果节长度、果枝节间长度和节枝比逐渐增加,株型由紧凑型向较松散型转变;株高、果枝始节和始节高度逐渐增加,上部果枝与主茎的夹角逐渐减小,果枝上举,具有高产株型特征;根据棉花机采对品种特性的要求,2010s品种果枝始节高度和果枝角度较符合机采棉对株型的要求;不同年代品种间果枝数、叶枝数、倒四叶宽和茎粗无明显差异。皮棉产量、总铃数和衣分均随品种更替逐渐增加,其中1980s、1990s、2000s和2010s品种皮棉产量较当年区域试验产量分别高23%-53%、16%-20%、13%-14%和-2%-6%,膜下滴灌现代高产栽培技术对产量的提高有重要作用,但2000s和2010s品种收获指数显著低于1990s品种。与1980s和1990s品种相比,2010s品种上部铃期短4-5 d,吐絮相对集中,对脱叶剂敏感,吐絮率均在95%以上,无显著差异,但生育期偏长;与审定时品种的生育期相比,1980s和1990s品种提前了3-7 d,2000s和2010s品种提前了0-3 d,这可能与膜下滴灌促早熟栽培技术应用有关。2000s和2010s品种棉纤维长度、比强度、伸长率和纺纱一致性明显改善,但马克隆值相对偏大,纤维强度的改善是以牺牲纤维细度为代价,纤维品质协调性不佳。【结论】品种更替产量提高过程中,棉花经济性状改善,但品种株型由紧凑型向较松散型转变,生育期偏长,收获指数偏低,棉纤维马克隆值偏大;随着机采棉种植模式的应用,选育和选用纤维品质优、适宜机采的品种是保障新疆棉花产业稳步发展的关键。

【Objective】 This paper analyzed the evolution trend of plant type characteristics and main economic traits in the process of improving the yield of early-maturing upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Xinjiang, combined with the demand for the characteristics of cultivars in the development of machine-harvested cotton, and explained the changes of suitable machine-harvesting characteristics in cultivar replacement. It provides a theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation management of new cotton varieties in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Large-scale main cultivars(Xinluzao 1, Xinluzao 7, Xinluzao 13, and Xinluzao 45) were used as experimental materials under mulched drip irrigation condition. A total of eleven plant type characters and the evolution of major economic traits were analyzed, including the eleven plant type characters of the length of the first fruit node, inter-node length of fruit branch, ratio of fruit node/fruit branch, plant height, node of first fruit branch, height of first fruit branch, the angle between fruit branch and main stem, the number of fruit branches, the number of vegetative branches, width of the fourth leaf from the top, and stem diameter. 【Result】 With the cotton cultivar replacing, the length of the first fruit node, inter-node length of fruit branch, and the ratio of fruit node/fruit branch increased gradually. The plant type changed from compact to loose. Plant height, node of first fruit branch, and height of first fruit branch increased gradually. The angle between fruit branch and main stem of upper-canopy was gradually reduced, and the fruit branch was lifted, which has high plant-type characteristics. According to the requirements of cotton machine harvesting characteristics. It shows that 2010 s cultivars had plant type characters with high yield. The length of the first fruit node and the angle between fruit branch and main stem of 2010 s cultivars was more in line with the requirements of machine-harvested cotton. There was no significant differences in number of fruit branches, number of vegetative branches, width of the fourth leaf from the top, and stem diameter among cultivars of different ages. The lint yield, total boll number, and lint percentage increased gradually with the cotton cultivar replacing. The lint yield of the 1980 s, 1990 s, 2000 s, and 2010 s was 23%-53%, 16%-20%, 13%-14%, and-2%-6% higher than the yield of regional experiment year. The modern high-yield cultivation techniques under mulched drip irrigation plays an important role on yield improvement. However, the harvest index of 2000 s and 2010 s cultivars were significantly lower than the 1990 s cultivars. Compared with the 1980 s and 1990 s cultivars, the upper boll period of the 2010 s cultivars was reduced 4-5 days, the boll opening were relatively concentrate, sensitive to defoliant. There was no significant difference in boll opening rate, and they were greater than 95%. But the growth period was longer. Compared with the growth period of the trial cultivars, the 1980 s and 1990 s cultivars were advanced by 3-7 days, and the 2000 s and 2010 s cultivars were advanced by 0-3 days. This may be related to the application of the technique of precocious cultivation under mulched drip irrigation. The fiber length, fiber strength, elongation, and fiber spinning consistency index of 2000 s and 2010 s cultivars improved obviously. But the Micronaire was relatively large. The improvement of fiber strength was at the expense of fiber fineness, and the fiber quality coordination was not good. 【Conclusion】 During the process of increasing yield of cotton cultivar replacement, economic characteristics of cotton improved, but the increasing yield of plant type changed from compact to loose, with long growth period, low harvest index, and large Micronaire. With the application of the machine-harvesting mode, the breeding and selection of cultivars with excellent fiber quality and suitable machine-harvesting are the key to ensuring the steady development of the cotton industry Xinjiang.