汉语避讳地名中的语言文字现象

A Lexical Study on Toponym Taboo in Chinese

避讳现象古已有之,其中体现了我国古代的语言文字现象。汉语避讳地名中蕴含的语言文字现象主要体现在词义、语音和文字方面。词义方面,主要有同义、反义、类义、种属义、相关义和无关义;语音方面,主要有同音、近音和更音;文字方面,主要有缺笔、增笔、换形和省字。有时还会综合运用“音、形、义”中两种因素之间的关系。通过考察汉语避讳地名中的语言文字现象,可以更加充分地了解我国古代的语言文字面貌和地名文化。

Taboo phenomenon has existed since ancient time,which is a mirror of Chinese ancient language.Toponym taboo in Chinese manifests itself mainly in semantic taboo,phonetic taboo and character taboo.Semantic taboo contains synonymous taboo,antonymous taboo,similarity taboo,hypernym and hyponym taboo,relevant taboo and so on.Phonetic taboo includes homophone taboo,pronunciation similarity taboo and pronunciation change taboo.Character taboo includes the Chinese character lacking stroke(s),increasing stroke(s),changing shape and omitting Chinese character(s).Sometimes the relationship between two factors in“pronunciation,shape,and meaning”is comprehensively applied.A study on toponym taboo in Chinese might be helpful for the understanding of the language features and toponym culture of ancient China.