城镇化对气候变化影响的研究进展

Research Progress on the Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change

全球范围内正经历显著的城镇化过程,近些年来发展中国家城镇化尤为迅速。城镇化过程带来城市大发展和人口大规模集聚,生产生活方式改变,温室气体和污染排放等变化。随着全球城镇化进程不断推进,其对气候变化的影响不断增强和显著。主要从城镇化对气候变化的影响和城镇化对气候变化影响的机理两方面对相关研究进行回顾总结。城镇化引起区域增温和城市热岛效应,高温热浪、强降水等极端天气发生频率增大,还导致城市洪水风险增加。城镇化进程中污染物排放的增加是空气质量恶化的主要原因,城镇化还通过改变城市气象对空气质量产生间接影响。城镇化对相对湿度、风速、日照、云量等气候要素具有重要影响。城镇化对气候变化的影响主要通过下垫面改变、温室气体与污染排放、人为热排放与城市高热容量3个方面实现。城镇化不仅直接作用于区域/局地气候,而且通过促进全球气候变化间接作用于区域/局地气候,因此城镇化对气候变化的影响具有全球和区域的多尺度叠加效应。

The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization,especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration,changes in production and lifestyle,and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance,its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect,extreme events such as high temperature,heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency,and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity,wind speed,sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes,greenhouse gas and pollution emissions,anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate,but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore,the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multiscale superposition effect.