1972年美苏《防止海上事件协定》档案解读——兼议其对中国的启示

Reevaluation of U. S.-U. S. S. R. Agreement on Prevention of Incidents at Sea in 1972

1972年《美苏防止海上事件协定》历来被视为国际军事互信机制建设的典范。然而,《协定》谈判前后美国政府档案文献显示,在1972年美苏谈判中,共同的安全利益只是谈判的起点,却不是终点。两国考虑问题的着眼点并不只是如何减少海上事件,而是更多地关注如何以有利于自己的方式来减少海上事件。协定的结果也不是由对抗转向缓和,而只是以一种游戏规则下的对抗转换为另一种游戏规则下的对抗。因此,中国在考虑防止海上事件机制建设时,应本着现实主义原则来界定此类协定的性质和进行谈判,而不宜过分强调其在加强军事互信、改善国家关系上的意义。

The Prevention of Incidents at Sea Agreement between U.S.and the Soviet Union has often been regarded as a model for international military confidence-building measures.However,as the U.S.governmental records about the negotiation clearly demonstrates,the agreement was not solely about two nations joining together to deal with their common security dilemma and reduce unwanted incidents at sea.In fact,both the U.S.and U.S.S.R.government cared more about how to reduce incidents in a way that suited best other strategic and tactical considerations.And the result of the agreement was not alleviating the tension between the two nations,but merely changed the form of confrontation.