公众参与气候变化应对的反思与重塑

Rethinking and reconstructing public participation in climate change response

全球气候治理离不开公众个体气候变化科学知识、公众参与法律规范认知素质的培养与提升,一定程度上则取决于以知识和规范认知为基础的公众个体自觉而合理的气候变化应对行为。从环境心理学角度解构公众气候变化认知可以发现,认知的来源或基础主要集中在经验传导、舆论塑造、教育传输以及规范指引等功能或作用。公众参与气候变化应对除存在着传统的、一致的障碍与难题,从认知视域解读,还暴露出公众难以认清气候变化客观紧迫性,难以辨识气候变化的科学成因与准确应对,更难以判断参与过程的公共政策选择与支持等困境。以认知、态度与行为理论以及规范指引行为理论为逻辑思路,构建出一条主动的、责任的公众参与气候应对路径以解决公众参与气候变化应对的规范难题并回应公众参与的一般困境。通过建立以公民教育和气候变化教育为两大层面、以知识、情感与技能为三大层次的认知供给体系弥补信息公开制度不完善、公众参与能力欠缺以及公民气候变化应对法律责任时机尚不成熟的缺陷,夯实公众参与气候变化应对的知识基础、情感基础与资格基础;通过建立公众气候变化传播权,解除信息公开单向线性的弊病和破除公众参与被动、后置的阻难,提升公众参与气候变化决策的可能性、主动性和有效性,确认公众风险沟通的话语权;通过拓展公众非正式和个体化参与的途径,紧急应对当下公众参与在知识和能力上的局限;通过确立公众个体非正式、组织化的参与行为的权利与效能,纠正气候变化应对科技对策与信息传导潜在的利益取向偏颇,强化公众觉知与科学数据之间的连结,降低沟通与政策实施成本,并反向刺激公众参与的自主意识。

The global climate governance can not be realized without the public individuals’scientific knowledge on climate change,the public’s participation in the cultivation and improvement of their quality for norm cognition,and furthermore,its realization has much more reliance on the public individuals’cognition based spontaneous and normalized coping behavior against climate change.From the angle of environmental psychology,the structure of the public’s cognition of climate change and the source or basis of it consist in four aspects,namely passing on experience,shaping public opinion,‘transferring’via education and guiding by norms.There exists a conventional agreed obstacles and difficulties for the public to participate in making a response to climate change,particularly,in terms of the interpretation of the perspectives of cognition,it is hard for the public to have a clear understanding on the objective urgency of climate change or to identify the scientific cause of climate change,and thus to handle it properly,and also it is even harder for them to make judgments on the selection of and support to public policies throughout their participation.Therefore,based its logical line of thought on theory of cognition,attitude and action and the theory of norm guided behaviors,this paper has constructed a route through which the public participates in making response to climate change in an initiative and responsible manner so as to solve the norm puzzle faced by the public participating in making response to climate change and to address the general difficulties faced by the same as well.More specifically,by establishing a‘cognition-supply’system which is based on two aspects-civil education and education on climate change,and three levels-knowledge,emotion and skills,the imperfect system for information disclosure,the public’s incapable of participating and the defect of not being in a right time to establish legal liability for the public to participate in making response to climate change are made up for and the knowledge basis,emotion basis and qualification basis for the public to participate in making response to climate change are well consolidated.By establishing the right for the public to disseminate information on climate change,we intend to correct the fault of a one-way and linear information disclosure,remove the obstacles that result in a passive and postponed public participation,improve the possibility,initiative and effectiveness for the public to participate in making policy decisions on climate change and confirm the power of discourse for public risk communication.By expanding the route for an informal and individual public participation,limitations in terms of the knowledge and capability for public participation in this regard are urgently dealt with.Moreover,by establishing the rights and efficacy for those informal and systematic participating acts performed by public individuals,the potential deviation in interest orientation for scientific countermeasures and information dissemination are corrected and the connection between public awareness and scientific data are strengthened while the costs for communication and policy implementation are reduced,which also creates perverse incentives for the public’s independent consciousness of participation.