从生态哲学角度看朱熹之理生态主义

Zhu Xi’s Rational Ecocriticism from the Perspective of Ecological Philosophy

王守仁直视朱熹理本体论的终极弊端,即等级秩序的固定化容易成为人类和人类自然支配统治的理念,而且过分执着于无作用性的观念上的理,很容易就有拒绝变化、丧失活力现场感的问题。气本体论为解决像深层生态主义一样无视人类固有特性,将人类埋没于大自然中的问题,提出新的对策。王守仁首先在人与天地万物"一体"或"同体"的前提下,将人定为"天地万物之心"。人不是宇宙自然的单纯部分,而是具有宇宙自然的心灵的地位,宇宙自然因人类而具有心灵的属性,是新生的生命体。人是天地万物的痛觉主体。即,人类因万物一体之仁心(=良知),与自然万物感应,痛愈、治愈、呵护他们的生命损伤。如此,王守仁思想既不同于"气生态主义",也不同于"理生态主义"。笔者把王守仁的思想称为"心生态主义"。具体地说,以天地万物一体说、致良知说、亲民说为中心,考察人类中枢的有机体宇宙论和亲民生态修养论的内容和特点,探索"心生态主义"超越西方生态中心主义的可能性。

Wang Shouren’s direct view of the ultimate malpractice of Zhu Xi’s ontology is that the immobilization of hierarchical order is easy to become the dominant idea of man’s and human’s natural domination. And the rigidness in the concept of inaction is easy to have the question of rejecting change and losing vitality. Therefore,he shows a tendency to restore Zhang Zai’s ontology and Cheng Hao’s theory of everything. But this does not mean returning to Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. While inheriting Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty,Wang Shouren also wanted to overcome these problems. In order to solve the problem that human beings are buried in nature and ignore their inherent characteristics like deep ecologism,Qi ontology puts forward new countermeasures. Wang Shouren first defined man as the heart of heaven and earth under the premise of"one"or"one"of man and heaven and earth. Man is not a simple part of the nature of the universe,but has the status of the soul of the nature of the universe. The nature of the universe has the attributes of the soul because of human beings,and is a new life body. Man is the subject of pain in all things. That is to say,because of the benevolence of all things( conscience),human beings feel with nature,heal,and care for their life damage. So Wang Shouren’s thought is not only different from"Qi Ecologism",but also different from"Physiological Ecologism". The author calls Wang Shouren’s thought "mind ecologism". This paper examines the characteristics and significance of Wang Shouren’s mind ecologism. Specifically,focusing on the theory of the unity of heaven and earth,the theory of conscience and the theory of people-friendly,this paper examines the contents and characteristics of the organic cosmology and the theory of people-friendly ecological self-cultivation in the human center,and explores the possibility of"mind ecology"surpassing the western ecocentrism.