从俗语辞书编纂看清代学者的词语意识

The Study on the Lexical Awareness of the Scholars in Qing Dynasty Based on the Dictionary Compilation of Chinese Common Sayings

清代出现了数量众多的具有辞书性质的俗语专书,在俗语的收集、考释以及辞书编纂等方面呈现出新的局面。与中国传统工具书编纂的字本位观念相对比,清代俗语辞书是以词和语为训释对象的,特别是双字词语和各类熟语成为收录的重点,说明在清代学者心目中它们已经是语言运用中一种现成的单位了。俗语辞书收录单字数量非常少,而且绝大部分是作为词汇性单位而非纯粹的文字性单位收录。辞书的编纂和收目反映了清代学者词语意识的发展,清代十二部主要俗语辞书所收双字组合的性质以及产生时代表明清人已经具有了朦胧的词的意识。

A large number of slang dictionaries appeared in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.Especially in the Qing Dynasty,the dictionaries of Chinese Common Sayings reached its peak in the amount.There was a new situation in the collection,interpretation and compilation of common sayings.Compared with the character-center theory compiled by Chinese traditional reference books,the colloquial dictionaries of Qing Dynasty took lexicology as the object of interpretation,especially the disyllabic compounds and various idioms,which shows that they are already a ready-made unit in language application in the eyes of Qing Dynasty scholars.Very few single characters appeared in these common sayings dictionaries,and were recognized as the lexical units rather than the single characters.The compilation and collection of slang dictionaries reflected the development of lexical awareness of scholars in the Qing Dynasty.The properties,the ages of creation and occurrence frequencies of the double bytes words in twelve major dictionaries of common sayings indicate that a blur awareness in lexicon can be found in the scholars in Qing Dynasty.