台湾番地危机与“版图”观念演变：以1874年日军侵台事件为中心

The Crises of Barbarian Area in Taiwan and the Evolution of the Concept of “Bantu”:Focusing on the Japanese Invasion of Taiwan in 1874

近代以前,“版图”是中国界定疆土与属民的核心概念,具有外延模糊、侧重属人的特征。同治时期,在台湾番地危机的冲击之下,“版图”观念发生了转折性的演变。1867年,在“罗妹号”案交涉中,总署为化解番地危机,率先开启了对传统“版图”的弥缝之路,将其调整为偏重属地的概念,从而明确认定番地与生番隶属“版图”。延此思路,1874年日军侵台之初,深感“版图”歧见之患的清廷,对疆臣边吏展开了一场大范围、高强度的知识规范训示。其后,日方实质管辖“版图”论的挑战,又使清朝君臣进一步意识到从事实层面杜人口实之必要,遂有台地开山抚番之举。总之,这一时期“版图”认识的演变,折射出国人疆土与属民观念的重要变化,并深刻影响了中国外交因应与边疆政策。

Before the modern era,“Bantu”was the core concept of defining the territory and the people in China.It was a ambiguous concept and focus on the people.During the Tongzhi period,the concept had undergone significant changes due to the crises of barbarian area in Taiwan.In 1867,in the negotiations of the case of Rover,the Tsungli Yamen began to adjust“Bantu”to the concept of focus on the territory,thereby clearly identifying the barbarians and their land in Taiwan belonged to“Bantu”.At the beginning of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874,the Qing court was deeply aware of the ambigurity of“Bantu”,it launched a wide and intense instruction of knowledge.Later,the challenge of the Japanese concept of“Bantu”of substantive jurisdiction made the Qing court realized the necessity of prevent others from holding excuse.As a result,Taiwan authorities implemented“Opening up the Mountains and Consoling the Barbarians”.In short,the transformation of the concept of“Bantu”in this period reflected the important changes in the concept of territory and People,and it had profoundly affected China’s frontier policy and diplomatic response.