生存、自由和交往——卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯生平、著作和思想

Existence, Freedom and Communication——Karl Jaspers’ Life, Writings and Thoughts

作为20世纪德国著名哲学家、精神病科医生和政治思想家,卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯在精神病学、心理学、哲学、历史学、政治、宗教等各学科领域里都留下了深深的足迹。两次世界大战的惨痛经历,特别是纳粹恐怖使他意识到人的自由的弥足珍贵,但是,每一个个体都只有在别人自由的时候才是自由的,因此,他的生存哲学进一步走向理性的生存哲学,走向全球范围内的总体交往哲学。晚年的雅斯贝尔斯从自身的生存哲学入手,深入钻研佛陀、老子、孔子、耶稣、龙树等东方思想家的思想,进而基于东西方两极的世界观,致力于世界和平、世界自由。雅斯贝尔斯一生创作甚丰,共出版了30多本著作,此外还留下了3万多页的手稿和大量重要的书信。在他逝世50周年之际,对其生平、著作、遗稿做一鸟瞰全景式的解析,以期全方位、概括性地展现他的哲学思想的基本轮廓和总体特征是十分必要且有意义的。

As a famous German philosopher,psychiatrist and political thinker in the 20th century,Karl Jaspers left a deep footprint on various disciplines such as psychiatry,psychology,philosophy,history,politics,and religion.The painful experience of the two World Wars,especially the Nazi horror,made him realize that human freedom is precious.However,every individual is only free when others are free.Therefore,Jaspers’existential philosophy further moved towards a rational existential philosophy,to a global philosophy of communication.In his later years,starting from his own philosophy of existence,Jaspers delved into the thoughts of Eastern thinkers such as Buddha,Lao Zi,Confucius,Jesus,and Nagarjuna.Then based on the world view of the East and the West,he was committed to world peace and freedom.Jaspers published more than 30 books,in addition,he left more than 30,000 pages of manuscripts and a large number of important letters.On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death,this article makes a bird's-eye view of his life,writings,manuscripts,in order to comprehensively reveal the basic profile and overall characteristics of his philosophical thoughts:freedom,rationality and communication.