雅斯贝尔斯与康德之间的思想关联

The Ideological Connection between Jaspers and Kant

雅斯贝尔斯在《大哲学家》一书中列专章论说了康德,从中可以看出,雅氏对康德“先验人学”的根本精神作了决绝地捍卫,并向其“批判理性”所赋有的形式力量送去了由衷的敬意。但是雅氏毕竟是一位重心自在的哲学家,当他以自己所期许的“生存人学”为底据吸纳康德时,那因着运思重心与路径的稍作偏移而带来的独特气象便自然而然地凸显出来。具体说来主要表现在两个方面:其一,雅氏期许的“生存人学”固然也是一种“人学”,但其重心毕竟落在具有历史性意识的“生存”上;其二,雅氏致力的“哲学逻辑”固然也是一种诉诸“理性”的形式力量的“逻辑”,但是由“生存”的视域来审视纯形式的理性,雅氏认为具有唤醒人的力量的理性仍有待于个体生存通过自由的选择不断地在历史与世界中对它进行补充与实现。

Jaspers devoted a special chapter to Kant in his book Great Philosophers.From this,we can see that Jaspers firmly defended the fundamental spirit of Kant's"transcendental humanism"and paid sincere respect to the formal power endowed by his"critical rationality."Jaspers was a philosopher focused on“things in itself,”and when he absorbed Kant on the basis of his aspired"existential humanism,"a unique atmosphere came out,brought about by the slight deviation in the focus and approach of his philosophical thinking.To be more specific,it was mainly manifested in two aspects:first,the"existential humanism"aspired by Jaspers is also a kind of"humanism",but its focus falls on the"existence"with historical consciousness after all;Secondly,the"philosophical logic"to which Jaspers devoted himself is of course also a"logic"that appeals to the formal power of"rationality."However,the pure formal rationality is examined from the perspective of"existence".Jaspers believed that rationality with the power to awaken people still needs to be continuously supplemented and realized in history and in the world by individual existence through free choice.