前提性知识研究的独特视角——俄苏科学哲学对科学思维方式的研究

A Unique Perspective for the Study of Prior Knowledge:Research on Style of Scientific Thinking in Russian and Soviet Philosophy of Science

在前提性知识的研究中,俄苏学者也做出了重要贡献。与西方学者大多注重功能研究不同的是,俄苏学者提出了“科学理论的理想和规范”概念并对此给予了结构学分析。科学思维方式概念的提出就是其重要成果之一。从内容上看,科学思维方式与知识体系的内部结构性质及表达知识的主要形式的内部范畴结构特征的揭示联系在一起;从表现形式上看,科学思维方式被认为是科学历史上某一时期指导科学活动的主要方法的“运营者”;从特征上看,科学思维方式往往与特定时期的科学观念表现出某种一致性。科学思维方式能够对科学发展的统一性和历史完整性给出很好的说明,有助于科学哲学从“社会学故事”中回到其初衷——对科学的语言分析。

Russian and Soviet scholars have also made important contributions to the study of premise knowledge.They proposed"ideals and norms of scientific theory"and gave structural analysis.The concept of style of scientific thinking is one of its important achievements.From the perspective of content,this concept is connected with the revelation of the nature of the internal structure and the structural characteristics of the internal category of the knowledge system;In form,the concept is considered to be the"operator"of the main method of directing scientific activity at a time in the history of science;In terms of characteristics,the style of scientific thinking is often consistent with the scientific concepts in a particular period.This concept can give a good explanation of the unity and historical integrity of the development of science,and help philosophy of science return to its original intention—language analysis of science from the"sociological story".