秦巴区域农田30年间土壤肥力变化特征及施肥对策

Farmland Soil Fertility in Qinba Area in 30 Years:Variation Characteristics and Fertilization Countermeasures

为探明秦巴区农田土壤肥力变化特征、制定合理的施肥管理措施,对该区2008—2012年测土配方施肥项目中土壤养分检测结果进行分析,并对比1980—1982年第二次土壤普查养分数据,研究了该区域30年间土壤肥力变化特征。结果表明,2008—2012年该区土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾平均值分别为20.1 g/kg、1.16 g/kg、108.9 mg/kg、17.9 mg/kg和113.7 mg/kg,与1980—1982年二普平均值相比,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷分别提升18.2%、46.5%、113.1%,全氮略有升高,速效钾稍有下降。目前秦巴区土壤肥力水平较高,生产潜力大,建议改变传统施肥方式,氮肥施用以精准为原则,将磷肥基施变为追施,辅以秸秆还田,控制氮肥、磷肥投入;增施钾肥和有机肥,实现区域土壤肥力均衡提升。

The paper aims to find out the variation characteristics of soil fertility in Qinba area,and formulate measures for fertilization management.We analyzed the soil nutrient test results of the soil testing and fertilization project during 2008-2012,and compared the results with the soil nutrient data from the second soil survey during 1980-1982 to study the variation characteristics of soil fertility in the region in 30 years.The results showed that:the average value of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium was 20.1 g/kg,1.16 g/kg,108.9 mg/kg,17.9 mg/kg and 113.7 mg/kg,respectively,during 2008-2012,and compared with the average values from the second soil survey during 1980-1982,the soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available phosphorus increased by 18.2%,46.5%,and 113.1%,respectively,and the total nitrogen increased slightly,available potassium decreased slightly.At present,the soil fertility level in Qinba area is high and the production potential is large.It is suggested that the traditional fertilization method should be changed;the application of nitrogen fertilizer should be based on the principle of precision,the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be changed to topdressing,and straw returning should be supplemented to control the input of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer;the application of potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer should be increased to improve the balance of regional soil fertility.