明代白银货币化研究20年——学术历程的梳理

Research on Ming China’s Silver Monetization for 20 Years:Sorting out Academic Process

回顾明代白银货币化研究的学术历程,沿着“白银货币化与中外变革”的学术理路,在大力发掘、整理利用中外一手资料基础上,从国家、市场、社会之间关系和中国与全球关系出发,以白银货币化过程切入,尝试进行全球化开端关键历史时期贯通中外变革的综合性研究。主要在五个方面展开:一是明代白银货币化的市场起源;二是明代白银货币化过程从国计与民生两条线索的探讨;三是明代白银货币化与中国和世界的连接;四是明代白银货币化与一系列赋役改革;五是白银货币化与张居正财政改革。结论是在整体世界形成的前夜,白银货币化源自市场萌发,标志着古代中国从农业经济向市场经济的转型,引发了一系列国家制度变迁与整体社会多元变化,启动了中国传统国家与社会向近代国家与社会的转型。中国市场扩大发展与世界市场连接,直接推动了日本银矿大开发和间接推动了美洲银矿大开发,中国不是被动纳入西方主导的全球化,而是主动走向了全球近代化的大合流,积极参与了全球化开端时期全球第一个经济体系的建构,为经济全球化做出了历史性贡献。

Review of the academic process of the silver monetization study in the Ming dynasty,along the academic path of“silver monetization and China and global reforms”,on the basis of exploring and making use of first-hand information at home and abroad,the topic cut through the process of silver monetization,starting with the relationship between state,market,society,and the relationship between China and the world,trying to conduct a comprehensive study of the transformation of China and the world in the key historical period of economic globalization.It was mainly carried out in five aspects:the first was the origin of silver monetization from market in the Ming dynasty;the second was the discussion of the clues of silver monetization in the Ming dynasty from the national finance and the people's livelihood;the third was silver monetization in the Ming dynasty and the connection between China and the world;the fourth was silver monetization and a series of tax-and-corvee reforms;the fifth was silver monetization and Zhang Juzheng's fiscal reform.The conclusion is that on the eve of the formation of the whole world,the silver monetization originated from the market germination,which triggered a series of changes in the state's institutes and the overall social diversity,marking the transformation of ancient China from agricultural economy to market economy,initiating China's transformation from traditional state and society to modern state and social.The expansion of the Chinese market and the connection with the world market had directly promoted the development of Japanese silver mines and indirectly promoted the development of silver mines in the Americas.China was not passively integrated into the globalization dominated by the West,but had taken the initiative to move toward the convergence of the global modernization process.Ming China actively participated in the construction of the world's first economic system during the beginning of globalization,and made a historic contribution to economic globalization.