明清徽州乡村宅地初探——以祁门县《流光堂誊契簿》为中心

A Preliminary Study on Rural Homestead in Huizhou during Ming and Qing Dynasties:Based on Copies of the Contracts of Liu Guang Hall of Keemun County

明清徽州乡村土地占有中普遍存在股份制,宅地由业户共业,少则二股,多则几十股。宅地细小股份不便造屋居住,但可卖出以应付现金开支,不动产之土地股权可转换为金融货币财产。徽州宅地是稀缺资源,在富商云集的村落,中心位置有每亩价银达四千余两的实例,形成有别于耕地的价格体系。宅地占有关系决定了乡村社会的阶层划分。宅地股份与钱会的货币股份交换机制通畅,各阶层均可参与。徽州宅地主要在乡族之间流转,而经营性“房主”较为少见。徽州宅地股份制是不具备单独占有宅地能力的中下层民众通过细小股份而获得土地财产的存在形式,明清徽州土地市场交易异常活跃的主要原因亦在于此,这反映了民众在传统文化背景下经济生活的适应性与创造性。明清法律并无“宅地”概念,“田宅”一体的立法与民生相脱节。

It was widespread that the possession of rural land was existed in the form of the shareholding system during Ming and Qing dynasties.There were about 70%of the homestead existed in the form of shareholding system,according to the contracts of the homestead sale during the middle and late Ming dynasty on the random sampling statistics.The homestead was shared by the householders from two shares to dozens of shares,so the contracts were generally called“the division method”.The shares of the homestead could be converted into financial and monetary property since they can be sold to meet the cash expenditure in the condition that the small shares were inconvenient for housing construction.It is such scarce resource in Huizhou that one mu of the homestead in the center of the village where rich merchants gathered could cost as much as 4000 liang of silver coin,which was so different from the price system of the farmland.The exchange system between the homestead shares and the currency shares of the economic organization was free according to Copies of the Contracts of Liu Guang Hall of Keemun County,and the female can participate in the business of the homestead shares through the Women Lantern Association,which reflected the low requirements for the rural financial market access,therefore the ownership of the homestead was crucial to the class division in the rural society.The transaction of the homestead was mainly between the country-clan in Huizhou area instead of the commercial landlord.For the middle and lower class in Huizhou,the homestead shareholding system was the way to acquire the land property,why the land transaction market was excessively active during Ming and Qing dynasties.All of these reflected the adaptability and the creativity of the public under the traditional culture background.There was no legal concept of the homestead during Ming and Qing dynasties.However,the legislation of farmland and homestead integration was disjointed with people's livelihood.