悲剧意识新论：“三才”思想下的西方悲剧研究

A Study and Reconstruction of Tragic Consciousness

作为“对立中合乎人类本质发展方向的精神现象”,悲剧意识是文学反映人类生存“悲剧性”的一种总体性心灵感受与精神把握,它不仅包括传统的命运悲剧意识与人的悲剧意识,也包含介于两者之间的现代悲剧意识。而传统与现代悲剧意识的关系亦如中国传统哲学中天、地、人三才的联系,文学中与生命意志存在冲突的悲剧意识可提炼为天命的不公正、不完满,即“天残”的悲剧意识维度;来自残缺世界的“地缺”悲剧意识维度以及自我之“殇,不成人也”的“人殇”的悲剧意识维度,由此构成了悲剧意识三维理论。从悲剧意识三维理论来看,自古希腊至后现代主义的各个典型时期,西方悲剧文学的本质不只反映了一种悲剧意识维度,它大致经历了由单一到多个悲剧意识维度并存的复杂演变,由此,西方悲剧文学的未来总体走向必将延续与发展“天残”“地缺”“人殇”三种悲剧意识的并存性思考与综合表现。

Tracing the similarities and differences of Western tragedy theories,this thesis intends to point out that the essence of tragedy lies in the tragic consciousness of self-survival and self-development.Referring to Western tragedy theories and traditional Chinese philosophy of heaven,earth and man,the present writer puts forward the assumption of three-dimensional tragic consciousness,which includes tragic consciousness of the mandate of heaven,tragic consciousness of earthly milieus and tragic consciousness of human nature,to explore the complex connotation and evolution of Western tragedy and make a prediction on its future creation.