西方道德概念史的自我与社会

Ego and Society in the History of the Western Concept of Morality

如果说亚里士多德建立了公民道德的概念,那么边沁则建立了私人伦理的概念。休谟区分“自然的德”与“人为的德”,隐含着个人之德与社会之德的区别。康德也讲对自己的义务和对他人的义务,只是后者并无涉及公德。密尔建立个人道德和社会道德两个概念。涂尔干则把每人与自身关系的道德定义为个体道德,与自身之外的关系的道德分为若干层次;以公德私德来看,个体道德属私德,而公德范围则很广。斯洛特的道德观指出,关乎他人的德性比关乎自己的德性更重要,二者之间并不对称;他认为私德多属于非道德的德性。日本明治维新时代风俗改革运动中的条目规定,意在建立日常生活中公共场所的规范。中国古代不能说只重私德轻公德,古代社会公德在礼的体系中,此部分可转化为现代生活的公德。

If we say Aristotle established the concept of civil morality, then Bentham founded the concept of private ethics. Hume made a distinction between "natural virtues" and "artificial virtues", which implied the difference between personal virtue and social morality. Kant also talked about obligations to oneself and obligations to others, but the latter did not involve public morality. Mill established the concepts of private morality and social morality, and in his view, the obligation to others is social morality, and the obligation to oneself is private morality. And Durkheim defined everyone’s relationship with themselves as individual morality, and divided the morality of the relationship beyond oneself into several levels. In terms of public morality and private morality, individual morality is a private morality, and the concept of public morality is wide in range. Slote in his view of morality pointed out that "self regarding virtue" was more important than "other regarding virtue", and they were asymmetrical;he attached importance to virtues related to one’s own, which was "non-moral virtue", and believed that private morality was mostly non-moral virtue. In the era of Japan’s Meiji Restoration, the provisions of the Customs Reform Movement were intended to establish a standard in public places for daily life. It is not exact to say that in ancient China, they only emphasized the private morality while public morality was ignored;in the ancient society public morality which existed in the system of rites could be transformed into the morality of modern life.