天熊神话:华夏文明的基因——兼及史前动物形酒器的萨满致幻意义

Tianxiong Myth:Gene of Chinese Civilization——In Relation to Shaman Psychedelic Meaning of Prehistoric Bear-shaped Drinking Vessels

天熊神话是整个东北亚至美洲地区多民族信奉的神话遗产,认为现实中的熊乃是天神下凡所化的动物形象。从考古出土的红山文化双熊首三孔玉器(玉璜即天桥象征)到德辅博物馆新入藏的红山文化熊形带羽翼陶尊,一批实物形象资料成为神话学和史前考古研究共同关注的新对象,表明天熊神话源自文明以前的石器时代。本文通过萨满教信仰的幻象之熊的相关系列叙事,发挥四重证据法的求证优势和激活功能,重建有关天熊神话信仰的萨满文化语境,探寻失落已久的华夏文明发生期的重要文化基因,给黄帝号有熊、伏羲号黄熊和鲧禹化熊之类神话传说找出统一诠释的文化大传统背景。

The myth of Tianxiong is a mythological heritage of multi-ethnic beliefs throughout Northeeads tc uAlstiuar atlo trhelei cAs mfreorimca sH. oItn giss hbaenli eCvueldt utrhea t nbaemare dis" adniumala-l binecarar-nhaetiaodn owfi tah hteriapvleen-l yh ogloed.j aFdreo mv etshsee lex"c(aJvaadteHuang is symbol of heavenly bridge) and the"bear-shaped pottery with wings"which is newly collected by Defu Museum in Liaoning Province, an array of image materials has become the study objects for the mythology and prehistoric archaeological research. Through the related narratives of the visionary bear believed by Shamanism, this paper makes full use of the proving strength and activating function of quadruple evidence method, reconstructs the Shamanic cultural context about Tianxiong belief. Furthermore, the paper explores the long-lost important cultural gene of Chinese civilization in its generating period and attempts to find a great unified traditional culture background for such mythological legends as Yellow Emperor named Youxiong, Fu His named Huangxiong and Gun and Yu reborn as bears.