劳动力市场分割、就业机会不平等与城乡工资差异——基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据的研究

Labor Market Segmentation,Unequal Employment Opportunities and Urban-rural Wage Gap——An Study Based on CGSS Data

基于连续6期中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,主要采用Logit模型和FFL分解方法,针对城乡劳动者就业机会、工资水平差异及其成因问题进行探究。实证结果表明,当下城镇劳动力市场中就业隔离现象依然存在。公有制单位中城乡工资差距存在"黏性地板效应",从长期来看有所缩小;非公有制单位中城乡工资差距随收入水平及时间的变化,趋势均较为平缓。从城乡工资差距的来源来看,公有制单位主要源于户籍歧视,且随时间变化有所下降;而非公有制单位则主要源于特征差异。为进一步验证结论的稳健性,借助中国社会状况综合调查(CSS)数据进行实证对比,结果表明上述结论仍具有较好的一致性。因此,在人口城镇化进程中,为建立更加公平、规范、统一的劳动力市场,在进一步提升劳动者人力资本水平、缩小劳动者人力资本差异的同时,需要借助更为有效的户籍制度改革以弱化劳动力市场中的户籍歧视。

Based on six consecutive CGSS data,this paper mainly uses Logit model and FFL decomposition method to explore the differences of employment opportunities and wage of laborers in urban labor market and analyze the reasons of these problems. The empirical results show that employment segregation still exists in urban labor market at present. The urban-rural wage gap in public sector shows the " sticky floor effect",which is narrowed in the long run. The change trend of urban-rural wage gap with income level and time in non-public sector is relatively gentle. From the perspective of the source of the urban-rural wage gap,discrimination is the main source of the gap in public sector and declines over time,while in non-public sector,the urban-rural wage gap mainly comes from the characteristic differences of laborers. In order to further verify the robustness of the corresponding conclusions,we use the CSS data for empirical comparison. The results show that the above conclusions are still in good consistency. Therefore,in the process of population urbanization,in order to establish a fairer,more standardized and more unified labor market,while we further improve the level of human capital of laborers and reduce the differences of human capital of laborers,we need to use more effective household registration system reform to weaken the household registration discrimination in the labor market.