王阳明心学中的“过“”恶”之别与改过工夫

The Difference between Fault and Evil and Self-Cultivation of Correcting Faults in Wang Yangming’s Theory of Heart-Mind

在王阳明心学中,"过""恶"之别与改过工夫是致良知落实到市民社会的重要环节,而学界在这方面的研究相对较少。在王阳明看来,"过"可以与圣贤人格相容,因而"过"与"恶"在根本上就是性质不同的两回事。虽然如此,改过工夫要求调动良知心体来照见、改正过误,因而改过实际上就是致良知。就内容而言,改过工夫可以概括为自思内省、痛自悔咎、洗涤旧染、相责以善四个方面,它不仅是个人的修身之事,而且还是集体的儒学实践。总体而言,"过""恶"之别及改过工夫撬动了王阳明心学融通于哲学与世俗之间的多维面向,王阳明心学并非只是抽象的哲学观念;哲学观念向世俗教化的适应性转变,即建构起一个创生意义的功夫世界才是王阳明心学乃至整个儒学的核心关切。

In Wang Yangming’ s theory of heart-mind, the difference between "fault" and "evil" as well as the self-cultivation of correcting faults are the important links for the implementation of conscience to the civil society, but there are relatively few studies in this field. In Wang Yangming’s view, "fault" can be compatible with sages’ personality, so "fault" and "evil" are fundamentally different in nature. However, the self-cultivation requires the mobilization of conscience to seeing and correcting faults, so it is actually to realize conscience. As far as the content is concerned, the self-cultivation of correcting faults can be summed up in four aspects:introspection, bitter self-regret, washing up the old dye, and mutual requirement of kindness. It is not only a matter of personal cultivation, but also a collective practice of Confucianism.