金属氢渗透研究综述

Review of Studies on Metal Hydrogen Permeation

综述了氢渗透的研究方法和研究历史,总结了当前对氢损伤机理的研究,以及在易发生氢脆环境下的氢渗透行为规律和影响氢行为的因素。在这些研究的基础上,国内外先后开发了许多氢渗透防护技术,如:阻碍氢原子渗入基体,在材料表面制备涂镀层;消除钢中有害元素的方式,改变中氢原子陷阱的数目;从组织入手,开发高纯度、高抗氢钢,包括一些系列铁素体合金钢等。综述了从传统的电沉积阻氢合金镀层,到新工艺制备阻氢陶瓷层的发展。阻氢涂层具有阻氢性能极佳,兼具保护作用的优点,但容易失效,破损后会加快基体的局部腐蚀;而通过冶金、热处理来净化钢材,改变组织成分开发的纯净钢,其实际抗氢脆性能并不理想,仍然会出现氢引起的力学性能下降,并且具有控制工艺复杂、能耗大的缺点。由此认为,氢一旦进入金属材料内部,造成材料的性能损伤不可避免,防止氢进入金属材料是该领域的关键科学问题。氢渗透过程是氢损伤发生的关键步骤,那么阻碍氢渗透过程的进行就成了氢损伤防护措施的重中之重。抑制氢渗透过程的发生需要从降低氢原子浓度梯度、降低材料内部氢陷阱密度和结合能两方面入手,开发有效的抑氢手段,抑制氢渗透过程,使材料内部的氢原子浓度小于临界氢原子浓度。

The research methods and progress of hydrogen permeation were reviewed.The current research on hydrogen damage mechanism and the hydrogen permeation behavior in harsh environment as well as the factors affecting hydrogen behavior were summarized.On the basis of these studies,many hydrogen permeation protection technologies were developed at home and abroad,such as hindering the infiltration of hydrogen atoms into the matrix,preparing coatings on the surface of the material;eliminating the harmful elements in the steel,decreasing the quantity of hydrogen traps;and develop high-purity,anti-hydrogen embrittlement steels like ferrite alloy steel by changing microstructure.The development from the traditional electrodeposited hydrogen-barrier alloy coating to the new process of hydrogen-blocking ceramic layer was summarized.The hydrogen-blocking coating had the advantages of excellent hydrogen barrier performance and excellent matrix protection,but it was also easy to fail and accelerate corrosion after damage.The ultra-high clean steel purified by metallurgical and heat treatment method and developed by changing microstructure has either poor anti-hydrogen embrittlement performance or unsatisfied mechanical property,and the control process was complex with huge energy consumption.Therefore,once hydrogen enters the metal material,the performance damage of the material is inevitable,and preventing hydrogen from entering the metal material is a key scientific problem in this field.Hydrogen permeation process is a key step in the occurrence of hydrogen damage,so hindering the hydrogen permeation process has become the most important protection measure for hydrogen damage.To suppress the hydrogen permeation process,effective hydrogen suppression methods should be developed from two aspects:reducing the concentration gradient of hydrogen atoms and the density of hydrogen traps and binding energy inside the material,so as to suppress the hydrogen permeation process and make the hydrogen atom concentration inside the material less than the critical hydrogen atom concentration.