说台州方言一类特殊的量名结构

On a Special “classifier-noun” Construction in Taizhou(台州) Dialect

本文报道了台州方言量词的一类特殊用法。一般认为,汉语"量名结构"中量词的功能沿着定语标记和指示词两条路线发展。而在台州方言中,有一类量名结构(如"条肚"、"张面")用法独特,整个结构相当于一个光杆名词,其中的量词成分没有语义贡献,也不再承担语法功能,而仅在形式上参与构词。本文调查发现,这类结构在凝固化程度上表现出高低差别;在地理分布上以台州椒江、黄岩、路桥最为发达,向南、向北逐渐减少。本文论证指出,这类结构是在"限定成分(人称代词)+量词+名词"式短语的基础上,通过重新分析而来的。台州方言中的这一特殊用法,展示了量词功能发展的另一条路,即量词向词内语素发展。

It is generally believed that the function of classifiers in Chinese "classifier-noun"(Cl-N henceforth) construction changes along the two routes, i.e. the one toward attributive marker and the other toward demonstrative. The Taizhou(台州) dialect, however, has a special Cl-N construction, such as Tiao du(条肚) and Zhang mian(张面), in which the classifier is neither an attributive marker nor a demonstrative. The whole construction is equivalent to a bare noun. The classifier plays no role in semantics or morphosyntax, only being a phonological part of the word. It is found in the present paper that(1) these Cl-N constructions form a scale in terms their lexicalization degree and(2) they mainly geographically distributed in Jiaojiang(椒江),Huangyan(黄岩) and Luqiao(路桥) in Taizhou(台州) and gradually reduced to the South and North area. It is argued in this paper that(i) this construction is generated through reanalysis from the [determinant(pronoun) classifier noun] structure, and(ii) the special usage of Cl-N in Taizhou(台州) dialect exhibits another path of change for classifiers in Chinese, that is, the morphologization of a classifier into a morpheme inside of word.