大数据时代教育评价专业化何以可能：第四范式视角

How the Specialization of Education Evaluation in the Era of Big Data is Possible:Fourth Paradigm Perspective

按照图灵奖获得者吉姆·格雷的划分,科学研究可分为四种范式,将理论、实验和计算仿真统一起来的数据密集型科学范式(eScience),即为第四范式,其强调通过数据来发现并理解世界,为人类认知和科学研究提供了新方法和新视角,该范式与教育评价的结合必然会开创"数据密集型评价",并将教育评价推向智能化阶段。第四范式将从本体论、认识论、价值论和方法论层面引发教育评价变革:丰富教育评价本体论,将教育评价视为嵌入式评价和多元化评价,打破单一类型评价观;重塑教育评价认识论,通过促进教育评价主体多元化,支持教育评价对象主体化,助推评价主体与评价对象形成"联结机制",走向平等协商共同参与,消解单主体权威评价观;深化教育评价价值论,坚守"问题"导向的底线价值,凸显"目标"导向的中线价值,强调"效能"导向的顶线价值,超越传统评价的甄别和选拔导向;变革教育评价方法论,形成"全样本数据+复杂模型+归纳分析+可视化反馈"的评价路径,扩大教育评价主体的有限理性,从而使教育评价不断走向智慧化和专业化。

According to the division of the Turing Award winner Jim Gray, scientific research can be divided into four paradigms. The data-intensive scientific paradigm that unites theory, experiment, and computational simulation is the fourth paradigm. It emphasizes the use of data to discover and understand the world, providing new methods and perspectives for human cognition and scientific research. The combination of the fourth paradigm and the evaluation of education will inevitably create a"data-intensive evaluation"and push the evaluation of education to the stage of intelligence. Specifically, the fourth paradigm will trigger changes in educational evaluation from the perspectives of ontology, epistemology, value theory and methodology. Firstly, the fourth paradigm will enrich the ontology of education evaluation, and regard education evaluation as embedded evaluation and diversification evaluation, breaking the evaluation concept of single type. Secondly, reinventing the educational evaluation epistemology, that is, going towards equal consultation and participation by promoting the diversification of educational evaluation subjects, supporting the subjectivity of educational evaluation objects, and fostering the"association mechanism"between evaluation subjects and evaluation objects, to eliminate the evaluation concept of single subject authority. Thirdly, deepening the theory of education value, that is, adhering to the bottom line value of"problem"orientation, highlighting the mid-line value of"target"orientation and emphasizing the top-line value of"efficiency"orientation, to surpass traditional screening and selection orientation. Finally, the change of methodology forms the evaluation path of"full sample data + complex model + inductive analysis + visual feedback", and expands the bounded rationality of the subject of educational evaluation, so that the evaluation of education continues to be intelligent and professional.