红铜铸镶青铜器的几个技术和艺术问题探析

A Study of Several Technical and Artistic Issues on Copper-Inlaid Bronzes

红铜铸镶作为一种青铜器装饰工艺,在东周时期存续了较短的时间。红铜铸镶可以分为透镶和半镶两类,其中半镶红铜的固定又存在"自带支钉"以及"使用芯撑固定"两种不同的技法,通过X射线成像分析可以有效地进行甄别。从红铜铸镶的工艺演变来看,透镶属于早期的探索,然后过渡到成熟期的半镶,其艺术风格影响了其他一些青铜器;最终红铜铸镶由于技术上的困难和局限,逐渐让位于其他装饰工艺。从最初简单几何纹以及少量龙纹的透镶,发展到纹饰种类丰富、数量众多、布局工整的半镶的过程,伴随着铸镶青铜器种类的显著变化。铸镶工艺的发展,与青铜容器的实用性和装饰需求有密切的联系。此外,半镶的复杂红铜纹饰,在形制相近的不同青铜器上,存在两类截然不同的细节处理,这些信息能为铸镶铜器的生产问题提供重要线索。

Copper inlaid,as a kind of decorative technique on bronze wares,lasted just a short period of time in the Eastern Zhou dynasty.In this kind of bronzes,copper figures are either visible on both sides of the vessel wall(trans-inlaid)or only on the surface(half-inlaid).The technique of trans-inlaid is earlier and less developed than that of half-inlaid.In the latter case,to be fixed in the mold cavity,copper sheets need to have nails or spacers on the backside,which can both be detected by X-ray analysis.Copper inlaid technique had an artistic effect upon other kinds of bronzes at the time and eventually came to an end for its technical difficulty and limitations in ornament design.The type of copper-inlaid bronzes and the design of ornaments have a remarkable change from trans-inlaid to half-inlaid bronzes.Technical development,aesthetic demand and quality of bronzes are closely linked together in the evolution of copper inlaid technique.Also,some different technical details are observed in approximate duplicated copper sheets,which may contribute to the issue on the production of these bronzes.