论康德对自然形而上学的重建

Research on Kant’s Reconstruction of Natural Metaphysics

康德的自然形而上学是对西方形而上学的重建,他立足于"先验人类学"的眼光,从亚里士多德的逻辑(逻各斯)精神底下挖掘了背后隐藏着的能动的努斯精神。但除了"哥白尼式的革命"所导致的认识主体和认识对象关系的颠倒以及认识中的主体能动性的确立之外,这种形而上学仍然是建立在语言的逻辑功能之上的。这种逻辑功能开始接触到了非逻辑功能,即必须置于一切逻辑推理之前的主体能动性和自发性;然而,由于康德把这种能动的认识活动只限于现象界,也由于他面对先验想象力的自发能动性的退缩,他在理性和感性两方面都只能让这种主体能动性半途而废,在一只脚踏入认识领域的同时,又留下一只脚在人的认识之外,为脱离语言的逻辑功能而转向非逻辑功能敞开了一片广阔的天地。

Kant’s natural metaphysics is a reform of western philosophy. In the view of transcendental anthropology,Kant uncovered the Nous spirit underneath the logos spirit in the logic of Aristotle. However,apart from the reversed relation between a cognitive subject and object caused by Copernicus revolution,Kant’s metaphysics is still on the basic of the logical function in languages. The logical function started to touch on the zone of non-logical function,namely the subjective activity and spontaneity prior to all logical reasoning;nevertheless,Kant limited the activity in phenomenal world,and hesitated to render the same function to transcendental imagination,which led to the halfway subjective activity and spontaneity both in reason and sensibility. While Kant stepped in the region of cognition,one foot was still left outside,which opened a land for the turning from logical function to non-logical one.